Learning the basics of probability

There are many ways to define probability. The most intuitive definition of probability is called frequentism. According to frequentism, the probability of an event is the frequency with which the event occurs when we repeat the observation an infinite amount of times. In other words, if we throw a die 100 times, we expect to see a six, on average, 1/6th of the times, and we should get closer and closer to 1/6th with 1,000, 10,000, and 1 million throws.

We can write the probability of event A occurring as P(A). To calculate P(A), we need to know all the possible outcomes (N) for the observation and the total number of times in which the desired event occurs (n).

We can calculate the probability of event A as follows:

If P(A) is the probability of event A happening, then the probability of event A not happening is equal to the following:

The probability must be a real number between zero and one. Having a probability of zero means...