You're reading from Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics

Product typeBook

Published inSep 2017

PublisherPackt

ISBN-139781787283817

Edition1st Edition

Tools

IBM SPSS

Concepts

Predictive Analytics

Authors (2):

Ken Stehlik-Barry

Anthony Babinec

View More author details

Crosstabulation Patterns for Categorical Data

Discovering relationships among data fields that are categorical in nature is an important first step along the analytical journey. It is often necessary to factor into the predictive process controls for interactions, among various characteristics, to determine what is driving the outcomes. The crosstabs procedure in SPSS Statistics is designed to examine patterns between categorical variables.

In this chapter, we will explore the capabilities of this procedure and discuss the interpretation of the results:

Percentages in crosstabs
Testing differences in column proportions
Using a Chi-square test
Ordinal measures of association
Nominal measures of association

Percentages in crosstabs

The examples in this chapter will use the small version of the General Social Survey data from 2016 that was the basis for the examples in Chapters 3, Statistics for Individual Data Elements and Chapter 4, Dealing with Outliers and Missing Data. Open the SPSS data file you created earlier (or download and open the full GSS2016 following the steps in Chapters 3, Statistics for Individual Data Elements).

Go to Analyze | Descriptives Statistics | Crosstabs to bring up the dialog box in the following figure:

Add the GENERAL HAPPINESS variable to the row box and the SATISFACTION WITH FINANCIAL SITUATION variable to the column box. Typically, the independent variable is placed in the column position, and the dependent variable in the row position for a crosstabulation. Here, one might posit that a person's financial situation may have an impact on their...

Summary

This chapter focused on the capabilities of the crosstabs procedure in SPSS Statistics. Exploring relationships among categorical fields is central to many data analysis projects. Crosstabs provides both tabular results, which can be visually evaluated, and summary statistics, which assess the presence and the strength of the relationship between the measures under consideration. Categorical fields can be nominal, ordinal, or interval in terms of their measurement level, and the statistics appropriate for each of these were reviewed.

Crosstabs results are presented in the form of pivot tables and the SPSS capabilities for editing these tables was covered in this chapter. Understanding what to include in a table and how to interpret the patterns in a table, as well as the associated statistics for the table, are important topics addressed in the preceding sections. As you...

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Authors (2)

Ken Stehlik-Barry

Kenneth Stehlik-Barry, PhD, joined SPSS as Manager of Training in 1980 after using SPSS for his own research for several years. Working with others at SPSS, including Anthony Babinec, he developed a series of courses related to the use of SPSS and taught these courses to numerous SPSS users. He also managed the technical support and statistics groups at SPSS. Along with Norman Nie, the founder of SPSS and Jane Junn, a political scientist, he co-authored Education and Democratic Citizenship. Dr. Stehlik-Barry has used SPSS extensively to analyze data from SPSS and IBM customers to discover valuable patterns that can be used to address pertinent business issues. He received his PhD in Political Science from Northwestern University and currently teaches in the Masters of Science in Predictive Analytics program there.
Read more about Ken Stehlik-Barry

Anthony Babinec

Anthony J. Babinec joined SPSS as a Statistician in 1978 after assisting Norman Nie, SPSS founder, in a research methods class at the University of Chicago. Anthony developed SPSS courses and trained many SPSS users. He also wrote many examples found in SPSS documentation and worked in technical support. Anthony led a business development effort to find products implementing then-emerging new technologies such as CHAID decision trees and neural networks and helped SPSS customers successfully apply them. Anthony uses SPSS in consulting engagements and teaches IBM customers how to use its advanced features. He received his BA and MA in Sociology with a specialization in Advanced Statistics from the University of Chicago and teaches classes at the Institute for Statistics Education. He is on the Board of Directors of the Chicago Chapter of the American Statistical Association, where he has served in different positions including President.
Read more about Anthony Babinec

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