Preface

Character animations have existed since the first games were created for computers. The spaceships in SpaceWar!, written by Steve Russell in 1962 for a PDP-1, and Computer Space by Nolan Bushnell, released in 1971 as an arcade cabinet, were animated, with the animation showing the direction in which the spaceships headed.

Over time, the evolution of character animation went from these raster graphics, drawn by the electron beam inside the cathode-ray tube of old TV sets, to simple 2D pictures (so-called “sprites”). These sprites were drawn by hand, picture by picture, and every one of these pictures showed a different animation phase. To create the illusion of real-time animations, the pictures were shown quickly one after another, like cartoons. The main characters in Pac-Man and Super Mario Bros. are just a bunch of two-dimensional pictures, brought to life by proper timing between the sprites and their motion over the screen.

Eventually, the character models became real 3D objects. First, they were made of simply dozens of triangles, and as the graphics hardware became more powerful, the numbers got larger and larger. Current 3D models can have more than 500,000 polygons, and even these characters are animated smoothly in real time.

This book covers the animation of 3D game characters, taking a closer look at the principles of character components and animation. After explaining the theoretical elements of animation, we will provide an example implementation that will guide you from the conceptual stage to the real-world usage in an application. With this knowledge, you will be able to implement a similar animation system, regardless of the programming language or rendering API.

Who this book is for

This book is for programmers who want to “look behind the curtain” of character animation in games. You should be familiar with C++, and it would be best to have a modern version such as C++17. Basic knowledge of a rendering pipeline will come in handy too, but it is not required, as it will be covered in the book. The remaining skills, including opening a window, preparing a rendering API to draw triangles, and loading models and animating them, will also be explained throughout the book.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Creating the Game Window, covers the initial steps to open a window using GLFW, a lightweight cross-platform window management library. The window will be enhanced to detect OpenGL 4.6 and Vulkan 1.1; code for handling window events such as resizing and moving will be added, followed by an introduction on using the keyboard and mouse as input devices.

Chapter 2, Building an OpenGL 4 Renderer, explains how to create a basic OpenGL 4 renderer that can display a textured quad consisting of two triangles.

Chapter 3, Building a Vulkan API Renderer, explores the creation of a renderer, similar to Chapter 2, but instead using the newer Vulkan API to display the textured quad.

Chapter 4, Working with Shaders, covers the different shaders of the graphics pipeline for OpenGL and Vulkan, the buffer types, and how to access the variables of shaders from renderer code. At the end of the chapter, the parts of a vertex and a fragment shader will be discussed.

Chapter 5, Adding Dear ImGui to Show Valuable Information, explains how to add a simple UI to both renderers to display information about the rendering process, such as the frames per second or timing of code sections. Also, checkboxes, buttons, and sliders will be added to the UI to control the rendering parameters.

Chapter 6, Understanding Vector and Matrix, is a quick recap of the data types of a vector and a matrix, their transformations, and their operations.

Chapter 7, A Primer on Quaternions and Splines, explains the advantage of quaternions over matrix operations and introduces some spline types that are used in game character animations.

Chapter 8, Loading Models in the glTF format, covers the internals of the glTF file format. glTF is an open file format, supported by many 3D content creation tools. Being able to load this format will let you view models and animations authored in many 3D creation tools in the application.

Chapter 9, The Model Skeleton and Skin, covers the internal skeleton of a model as a base for animation, plus vertex skinning to match different poses of the skeleton. Different methods to apply vertex skinning will be discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 10, About Poses, Frames, and Clips, explains the different data types required for character animation, allowing you to get from a simple model pose to a complete animation clip.

Chapter 11, Blending between Animations, shows different blending methods for animated mode. The chapter covers simple blending between a basic pose and an animation clip, cross-blending between different clips, and additive blending to mix different clips.

Chapter 12, Cleaning Up the User Interface, enhances the UI created in Chapter 4 with more
user-interactable elements, such as combo boxes and radio buttons. These controls enable the modification of animation parameters in real time. In addition, the timer values for the code sections will be visualized as graphical plots.

Chapter 13, Implementing Inverse Kinematics, explains how to use inverse kinematics to achieve an interaction between a character and its environment. The two inverse kinematics methods, Cyclic Coordinate Descent (CCD) and Forward And Backward Reaching Inverse Kinematics (FABRIK), will be explained and implemented.

Chapter 14, Creating Instanced Crowds, shows how to add more than one model to a scene, plus different ways to transfer model data to the graphics memory.

Chapter 15, Measuring Performance and Optimizing the Code, introduces methods to find bottlenecks by profiling code and using RenderDoc to analyze the graphics pipeline. It also offers ideas to move calculations from runtime to compile time and examines the importance of scaling to get meaningful results.

To get the most out of this book

To follow the code snippets and the example code, you should have some experience using C++. Any special or advanced features will be explained, and resources to learn more about these features are included in the chapters when they are first used. However, you should be able to debug simple C++ problems (e.g., by using logging statements).

The code in this book is written for OpenGL 4.6 and Vulkan 1.1. These versions are widely supported in modern GPUs; the oldest graphics cards known to work with these API versions are from the Intel HD Graphics 4000 series, created about 10 years ago.

Software used in the book	Operating system requirements
OpenGL 4.6 and Vulkan 1.1	Windows or Linux

The example code presented in this book can be compiled on any desktop computer or laptop running a recent version of Windows and Linux. The code has been tested with the following combinations:

• Windows 10 with Visual Studio 2022
• Windows 10 with Eclipse 2023-06, using GCC from MSYS2 and Ninja as the build system
• Ubuntu 22.04 with Eclipse 2023-06, using GCC or Clang
• Ubuntu 22.04 compiling on the command line, using GCC or Clang

If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or access the code from the book’s GitHub repository (a link is available in the next section). Doing so will help you avoid any potential errors related to the copying and pasting of code.

The full source code for the examples is available from the book’s GitHub repository (a link is available in the next section). The chapters in the book contain only excerpts from the code, covering the important parts.

Download the example code files

You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Cpp-Game-Animation-Programming-Second-Edition. If there’s an update to the code, it will be updated in the GitHub repository.

We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

Conventions used

There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.

Code in text: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: “Now, the include directives for Glad will work in our code.”

A block of code is set as follows:

  public:
    bool init(unsigned int width, unsigned int height);
    bool resize(unsigned int newWidth, unsigned int newHeight);
    void bind();
    void unbind();
    void drawToScreen();

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

> Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser
> irm get.scoop.sh | iex

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

pacman –S base-devel

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see on screen. For instance, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in bold. Here is an example: “Right-click the CMakeLists.txt file and choose Build.”

Note

Important notes appear like this text.

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