Packt+ | Advance your knowledge in tech

All Products

Best Sellers

New Releases

Books

Videos

Audiobooks

Free Learning

Data Analysis with R, Second Edition - Second Edition

You're reading from Data Analysis with R, Second Edition - Second Edition

Product type Book

Published in Mar 2018

Publisher Packt

ISBN-13 9781788393720

Pages 570 pages

Edition 2nd Edition

Languages

Concepts

Table of Contents (24) Chapters

Title Page

Copyright and Credits

Packt Upsell

Contributors

Preface

RefresheR

The Shape of Data

Describing Relationships

Probability

Using Data To Reason About The World

Testing Hypotheses

Bayesian Methods

The Bootstrap

Predicting Continuous Variables

Predicting Categorical Variables

Predicting Changes with Time

Sources of Data

Dealing with Missing Data

Dealing with Messy Data

Dealing with Large Data

Working with Popular R Packages

Reproducibility and Best Practices

Other Books You May Enjoy

Leave a review - let other readers know what you think

Index

Central tendency

One very popular question to ask about univariate data is, What is the typical value? or What's the value around which the data are centered? To answer these questions, we have to measure the central tendency of a set of data.

We've seen one measure of central tendency already: the mode. The mtcars$carburetors data subset was bimodal, with a two and four carburetor setup being the most popular. The mode is the central tendency measure that is applicable to categorical data.

The mode of a discretized continuous distribution is usually considered to be the interval that contains the highest frequency of data points. This makes it dependent on the method and parameters of the binning. Finding the mode of data from a non-discretized continuous distribution is a more complicated procedure, which we'll see later.

Perhaps the most famous and commonly used measure of central tendency is the mean. The mean is the sum of a set of numerics divided by the number of elements in that set...

The rest of the chapter is locked

Register for a free Packt account to unlock a world of extra content!

A free Packt account unlocks extra newsletters, articles, discounted offers, and much more. Start advancing your knowledge today.

Unlock this book and the full library FREE for 7 days

Get unlimited access to 7000+ expert-authored eBooks and videos courses covering every tech area you can think of

Start free trial

Renews at $15.99/month. Cancel anytime}

Other recommended products

Related to this chapter

Hands-On Exploratory Data Analysis with R

Hands-On Exploratory Data Analysis with R

Hands-On Exploratory Data Analysis with R puts the complete process of exploratory data analysis into a practical demonstration in one nutshell. You will understand the concepts of data analysis right from data ingestion, data cleaning, data manipulation to applying statistical techniques and visualizing hidden patterns.

May 2019 8 hours 52 minutes

Advanced Analytics with R and Tableau

Advanced Analytics with R and Tableau

R is the go-to tool for statistics and data mining while Tableau offers an interface to filter data, plug and play with rich visualizations to describe insights from your data. When combined these two tools makes it easier to harness interesting patterns and communicate stories. This book covers various analytical techniques like prediction, classification, clustering and best practices to visualize it using interactive dashboard with drop-downs, sliders, and other visual cues of Tableau. Get to know how R can be used in conjunction with Tableau and implement powerful machine learning techniques making big data analytics accessible and presentable through Tableau workbooks.

Aug 2017 5 hours 56 minutes

Machine Learning with R Cookbook

Machine Learning with R Cookbook

The R language is a powerful open source functional programming language. At its core, R is a statistical language that provides impressive tools to analyze data and create high-level graphics. This book covers the basics of R by setting up a user-friendly programming environment and programming ETL in R. Data exploration examples are provided that demonstrate how powerful data visualisation and machine learning is in discovering hidden relationships. You will also explore air quality data, steps to fix the missing values and visualising the same. You will then dive into important machine learning topics, including data classification, regression, survival analysis, time series analysis, clustering association rule mining, and dimension reduction.This book will include the latest code and examples based on R 3.3 and above—updated for better computation, accuracy, and speed with R.

Oct 2017 19 hours 4 minutes

Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics

Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics

SPSS Statistics is a software package used for logical batched and non-batched statistical analysis. Analytical tools such as SPSS can readily provide even a novice user with an overwhelming amount of information and a broad range of options for analyzing patterns in the data. This book will have a comprehensive coverage of IBM’s premier statistics and data analysis tool – IBM SPSS Statistics. It is designed for business professionals who wish to analyze their data. By the end of this book, you will have a firm understanding of the various statistical analysis techniques offered by SPSS Statistics, and be able to master its use for data analysis with ease.

Sep 2017 14 hours 52 minutes

Statistics Crash Course for Beginners

Statistics Crash Course for Beginners

Through both theoretical and practical study with Python, this course will get you up to speed with all you need to know about statistics in programming—a core study of machine learning.

Mar 2021 10 hours 58 minutes

Associations and Correlations

Associations and Correlations

Through this book, you’ll learn why most statistical techniques give incorrect results and what you can do to avoid the most common pitfalls. You’ll learn how to make sure you get the correct results the first time, every time.

Jun 2019 4 hours 28 minutes

Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R

Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R

This book introduces you to the concept of ensemble learning and demonstrates how different machine learning algorithms can be combined to build efficient machine learning models. Use R to implement the popular trilogy of ensemble techniques, i.e. bagging, random forest and boosting, to build faster and more accurate machine learning models.

Jul 2018 12 hours 32 minutes

R Programming Fundamentals

R Programming Fundamentals

Data analysis is crucial to accurately predict the performance of an application. The book begins by getting you started with R, including basic programming and data import, data visualization, pivoting, merging, aggregating, and joins. Once you are comfortable with the basics, you can read ahead and learn all about data visualization and graphics. You can learn data management, statistics and applications, forecasting, and reporting. With this various case studies and examples, this book gives you the knowledge to confidently start your career in the field of data science.

Sep 2018 6 hours 52 minutes

R Data Analysis Cookbook

R Data Analysis Cookbook

Data analytics with R has emerged as a very important focus for organizations of all kinds. R enables even those with only an intuitive grasp of the underlying concepts, without a deep mathematical background, to unleash powerful and detailed examinations of their data. This book empowers you by showing you ways to use R to generate professional analysis reports. The book also teaches you to quickly adapt the example code for your own needs and save yourself the time needed to construct code from scratch.

Sep 2017 18 hours 40 minutes

Hands-On Time Series Analysis with R

Hands-On Time Series Analysis with R

This book introduces you to time series analysis and forecasting with R; this is one of the key fields in statistical programming and includes techniques for analyzing data to extract meaningful insights. You will explore methods, such as prediction with time series analysis, and identify the relationship between each data point in the series.

May 2019 14 hours 56 minutes

R Statistics Cookbook

R Statistics Cookbook

With this book, you will learn to execute a series of intermediate to advanced statistical tasks as you walk through each chapter. You will not only get well versed with the traditional statistics but you will also cover the necessary statistics required for machine learning and deep learning concepts.

Mar 2019 14 hours 56 minutes

Become a Python Data Analyst

Become a Python Data Analyst

Become a Python Data Analyst book introduces you to the mainstream libraries of Python’s Data Science stack. With proven examples and real-world datasets, this book teaches how to effectively perform data manipulation, visualize and analyze data patterns and brings you to the ladder of advanced topics like Predictive Analytics.

Aug 2018 5 hours 56 minutes

Personalised recommendations for you

Based on your interests and search pattern

Ever wonder why speech recognition systems don't understand the Scottish accent, or what would happen if an astronaut only ate mac 'n' cheese, or other spurious reflections you'd have at a bar? We did, then collated those deliberations into absurd research articles with fake figures and methodologies inspired by even more fictionally absurd studies.

Aug 2023 7 hours 40 minutes

Generative AI with LangChain

Generative AI with LangChain

This book is a comprehensive introduction to LLMs and LangChain, demystifying the basic mechanics of LangChain, its functionalities, and the myriad of applications it can be integrated into.

Dec 2023 12 hours 0 minutes

Generative AI with LangChain

Generative AI with LangChain

This book is a comprehensive introduction to LLMs and LangChain, demystifying the basic mechanics of LangChain, its functionalities, and the myriad of applications it can be integrated into.

Dec 2023 12 hours 0 minutes

Generative AI with LangChain

Generative AI with LangChain

This book is a comprehensive introduction to LLMs and LangChain, demystifying the basic mechanics of LangChain, its functionalities, and the myriad of applications it can be integrated into.

Dec 2023 12 hours 0 minutes

Generative AI with LangChain

Generative AI with LangChain

This book is a comprehensive introduction to LLMs and LangChain, demystifying the basic mechanics of LangChain, its functionalities, and the myriad of applications it can be integrated into.

Dec 2023 12 hours 0 minutes

Mastering Tableau 2023

Mastering Tableau 2023

This book is a comprehensive resource to mastering your Tableau skills and becoming a BI expert. As you progress, you will learn how to build advanced dashboards and improve your storytelling to derive key business insight, as well as make you well-versed with advanced functionalities of Tableau in the business intelligence domain.

Aug 2023 22 hours 48 minutes

Building AI Applications with ChatGPT APIs

Building AI Applications with ChatGPT APIs

This guide covers all ChatGPT API features for effortless creation of robust AI powered apps. With its help, you’ll be able to leverage ChatGPT’s cutting-edge NLP models to take your app development skills to the next level. You’ll also work on ten exciting projects that will give you the practical know-how that you can apply to your existing applications.

Sep 2023 8 hours 36 minutes

Building AI Applications with ChatGPT APIs

Building AI Applications with ChatGPT APIs

This guide covers all ChatGPT API features for effortless creation of robust AI powered apps. With its help, you’ll be able to leverage ChatGPT’s cutting-edge NLP models to take your app development skills to the next level. You’ll also work on ten exciting projects that will give you the practical know-how that you can apply to your existing applications.

Sep 2023 8 hours 36 minutes

Data Engineering with AWS

Data Engineering with AWS

Embark on a journey to master data engineering pipelines on AWS! Our book offers a hands-on experience of AWS services for ingesting, transforming, and consuming data. Whether you're an absolute beginner or someone with basic data engineering experience, this guide is an indispensable resource.

Oct 2023 21 hours 12 minutes

Modern Data Architecture on AWS

Modern Data Architecture on AWS

Every organization wants an agile, performant, and cost-effective data platform that meets all their current and future business needs. Purpose-built AWS analytics services and their features play a big part in building such a modern data platform. This book brings to you all the design and architectural patterns that’ll help you achieve this goal.

Aug 2023 14 hours 0 minutes

Practical Guide to Applied Conformal Prediction in Python

Practical Guide to Applied Conformal Prediction in Python

Discover the power of Conformal Prediction with the "Practical Guide to Applied Conformal Prediction in Python." Master the latest techniques to quantify uncertainty in machine learning and computer vision models, and seamlessly apply them to your industry applications.

Dec 2023 8 hours 0 minutes

TinyML Cookbook

TinyML Cookbook

With over 70 project-based recipes, the TinyML Cookbook is a practical guide that will help you to get the most out of your microcontrollers. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical foundations while giving you hands-on experience training ML models for deployment on Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense, Raspberry Pi Pico, and SparkFun RedBoard Artemis Nano microcontrollers.

Nov 2023 22 hours 8 minutes