Errors

Errors are an inevitable part of any data collection and measurement. The following formula best captures this fact:

The True Signal is the reality we are trying to measure and present in the form of Data, but due to the incapability of our measurement system or data presentation, we cannot capture the True Signal. Therefore, Error is the difference between the True Signal and the recorded Data.

For instance, let's say we have purchased seven thermometers and we would like to accurately calculate the room temperature using these seven thermometers. At a given point in time, we take the following readings from them:

Figure 11.37 – Seven thermometers' readings

Looking at the preceding screenshot, what would you say the temperature of the room—the True Signal—is? The answer is that we cannot measure or capture the True Signal—in this case, the exact temperature of the room. With seven thermometers, we may...