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You're reading from  Mastering Blockchain - Fourth Edition

Product typeBook
Published inMar 2023
PublisherPackt
ISBN-139781803241067
Edition4th Edition
Concepts
Blockchain
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Author (1)
Imran Bashir
Imran Bashir
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Imran Bashir

Imran Bashir has an M.Sc. in Information Security from Royal Holloway, University of London, and has a background in software development, solution architecture, infrastructure management, and IT service management. He is also a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the British Computer Society (BCS). Imran has extensive experience in both the public and financial sectors, having worked on large-scale IT projects in the public sector before moving to the financial services industry. Since then, he has worked in various technical roles for different financial companies in Europe's financial capital, London.
Read more about Imran Bashir

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Mathematics

As the subject of cryptography is based on mathematics, this section will introduce some basic concepts that will help you understand the concepts presented later.

Modular arithmetic

Also known as clock arithmetic, numbers in modular arithmetic wrap around when they reach a certain fixed number. This fixed number is a positive number called modulus (sometimes abbreviated to mod), and all operations are performed concerning this fixed number.

Modular arithmetic is analogous to a 12-hour clock; there are numbers from 1 to 12. When 12 is reached, the numbers start from 1 again. Imagine that the time is 9:00 now; 4 hours from now, it will be 1:00 because the numbers wrap around at 12 and start from 1 again. In normal addition, this would be 9 + 4 = 13, but that is not the case on a 12-hour clock; it is 1:00.

In other words, this type of arithmetic deals with the remainders after the division operation. For example, 50 mod 11 is 6 because 50 / 11 leaves a remainder of 6.

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Mastering Blockchain - Fourth Edition
Published in: Mar 2023Publisher: PacktISBN-13: 9781803241067
© 2023 Packt Publishing Limited All Rights Reserved

Author (1)

author image
Imran Bashir

Imran Bashir has an M.Sc. in Information Security from Royal Holloway, University of London, and has a background in software development, solution architecture, infrastructure management, and IT service management. He is also a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the British Computer Society (BCS). Imran has extensive experience in both the public and financial sectors, having worked on large-scale IT projects in the public sector before moving to the financial services industry. Since then, he has worked in various technical roles for different financial companies in Europe's financial capital, London.
Read more about Imran Bashir

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