Answers

1. Virtualization is used to create VMs on top of the host system, which shares its hardware with the VMs, whereas containerization creates containers that are executed as an isolated process on top of the hardware and its OS. Containers are lightweight and need only a few MB (occasionally, GB). VMs are heavyweight and need many GB. Containers run faster and are more portable than VMs.
2. Kubernetes is a container orchestration system and is used to manage application containers. It keeps track of running containers. It shuts down containers when they are not used and restarts orphaned containers. A Kubernetes cluster is also used for scale. It can provision resources such as CPU, memory, and storage automatically when required.
3. kubectl is a Kubernetes command-line interface (CLI) utility that is used to run commands against a Kubernetes cluster. You can manage Kubernetes resources using kubectl. You used kubectl’s apply and create commands in this chapter.
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