Welcome to the first chapter of this book, which will be based on full penetration testing methodologies using BackBox. We will acquire in-depth knowledge of BackBox by familiarizing ourselves with its various tools and functions.
It is highly recommended that readers have a prior general understanding of Linux systems and an average level of knowledge concerning shell environments.
In this first chapter, we will introduce BackBox Linux, the organization of the tools and services with a brief description of the tools included.
BackBox Linux is a very young project designed for penetration testing, vulnerability assessment and management. The key focus in using BackBox is to provide an independent security testing platform that can be easily customized with increased performance and stability. BackBox uses a very light desktop manager called XFCE. It includes the most popular security auditing tools that are essential for penetration testers and security advisers. The suite of tools includes web application analysis, network analysis, stress tests, computer sniffing forensic analysis, exploitation, documentation, and reporting.
The BackBox repository is hosted on Launchpad and is constantly updated to the latest stable version of its tools. Adding and developing new tools inside the distribution requires it to be compliant with the open source community and particularly the Debian Free Software Guidelines criteria. IT security and penetration testing are dedicated sectors and quite new in the global market. There are a lot of Linux distributions dedicated to security; but if we do some research, we can see that only a couple of distributions are constantly updated. Many newly born projects stop at the first release without continuity and very few of them are updated.
BackBox is one of the new players in this field and even though it is only a few years old, it has acquired an enormous user base and now holds the second place in worldwide rankings. It is a lightweight, community-built penetration testing distribution capable of running live in USB mode or as a permanent installation. BackBox now operates on release 3.09 as of September 2013, with a significant increase in users, thus becoming a stable community. BackBox is also significantly used in the professional world.
BackBox is built on top of Ubuntu LTS and the 3.09 release uses 12.04 as its core. The desktop manager environment with XFCE and the ISO images are provided for 32-bit and 64-bit platforms (with the availability on Torrents and HTTP downloads from the project's website). The following screenshot shows the main view of the desktop manager, XFCE:
The choice of desktop manager, XFCE, plays a very important role in BackBox. It is not only designed to serve the slender environment with medium and low level of resources, but also designed for very low memory. In case of very low memory and other resources (such as CPU, HD, and video), BackBox has an alternative way of booting the system without graphical user interface (GUI) and using command-line only, which requires really minimal amount of resources. With this aim in mind, BackBox is designed to function with pretty old and obsolete hardware to be used as a normal auditing platform. However, BackBox can be used on more powerful systems to perform actions that require the modern multicore processors to reduce ETA of the task such as brute-force attacks, data/password decryption, and password-cracking. Of course, the BackBox team aims to minimize overhead for the aforementioned cases through continuous research and development. Luckily, the majority of the tools included in BackBox can be performed in a shell/console environment and for the ones which require less resource. However, we always have our XFCE interface where we can access user-friendly GUI tools (in particular network analysis tools), which do not require many resources.
Relatively, a newcomer into the IT security and penetration testing environment, the first release of BackBox was back in September 09, 2010, as a project of the Italian web community. Now on its third major release and close to the next minor release (BackBox Linux 3.13 is planned for the end of January 2014), BackBox has grown rapidly and offers a wide scope for both amateur and professional use.
The minimum requirements for BackBox are as follows:
A 32-bit or 64-bit processor
512 MB of system memory RAM (256 MB in case there will be no desktop manager usage and only the console)
4.4 GB of disk space for installation
Graphics card capable of 800 × 600 resolution (less resolution in case there will be no desktop manager usage)
DVD-ROM drive or USB port
The following screenshot shows the main view of BackBox with a toolbar at the bottom:
The suite of auditing tools in BackBox makes the system complete and ready to use for security professionals of penetration testing.
The entire set of BackBox security tools are populated into a single menu called Audit and structured into different subtasks as follows:
Information Gathering
Vulnerability Assessment
Exploitation
Privilege Escalation
Maintaining Access
Documentation & Reporting
Social Engineering
Stress Testing
Forensic Analysis
VoIP Analysis
Wireless Analysis
Miscellaneous
In this book, we will be performing our practical actions by using nearly half of the tools included in BackBox Linux.
We have to run through all the tools in BackBox by giving a short description of each single tool in the Auditing menu. The following screenshot shows the Auditing menu of BackBox:
Information Gathering is the first absolute step of any security engineer and/or penetration tester. It is about collecting information on target systems, which can be very useful to start the assessment. Without this step, it will be quite difficult and hard to assess any system. We will be quickly running through this menu and giving a short definition of the tools in it:
Arping: This is a utility that sends ARP requests to the hosts on a specific subnet.
Arp-scan: This is a command-line tool designed for system discovery and fingerprinting. It assembles and sends ARP requests to specified IP addresses, displaying any responses that are received.
Automater: This is an automated tool for intrusion analysis based on URL, IP address, or hash.
Knock: This is a Python script designed to enumerate subdomains on a target domain through a wordlist.
Nbtscan: This is an application to scan and get information about IP networks for NetBIOS name information.
Sslyze: This is designed to be fast and comprehensive and help organizations and testers to identify misconfigurations that are affecting their SSL Servers.
theHarvester: This is an information collector used to harvest e-mails, subdomains, hosts, and personal information about individuals.
Zenmap: This is the official Nmap Security Scanner GUI frontend.
Recon-ng: This is a full-featured Web Reconnaissance framework.
WhatWeb: This is an application that recognizes web technologies including content management systems (CMS), blogging platforms, statistic/analytics packages, JavaScript libraries, web servers, and embedded devices.
Creepy: This is a web application security assessment report generator.
After you've gathered information by performing the first step, the next step will be to analyze that information and its evaluation. Vulnerability Assessment is the process of identifying the vulnerabilities present in the system and prioritizing them. The tools are briefly described as follows:
Cvechecker: This is a tool that generates a report about possible vulnerabilities in your system by comparing the result with the information in its common vulnerability environment (CVE) database.
RIPS: This is a static source code analyzer for vulnerabilities in PHP web applications.
OpenVAS: This is a framework composed of several services and tools to deliver a comprehensive, powerful vulnerability scanning management solution.
Nikto: This is a web server scanner that tests web servers for dangerous files/CGIs, outdated server software, and other problems.
Skipfish: This is an active web application security reconnaissance tool. It prepares an interactive sitemap for a targeted site by undertaking a recursive crawl and dictionary-based probes.
ZAP: This is a web application vulnerability finder (Zed Attack Proxy by OWASP).
Exploitation is the process where the weakness or bug in the software is used to penetrate the system. This can be done through the usage of an exploit, which is nothing but an automated script that is designed to perform a malicious attack on target systems. The tools are briefly described as follows:
Sqlmap: This is an automated tool to detect other exploiting SQL flaws
MSF: This is a useful auditing tool that contains a lot of exploits and a development environment to modify or create them
Armitage: This is the graphical frontend of the Metasploit Framework
Fimap: This is a web application auditing tool for file inclusion bugs in web apps
Htexploit: This is a useful tool to exploit the
.htaccessfilesJoomscan: This is a tool that detects file inclusion, SQL injection, and command execution vulnerabilities of a targeted website that uses Joomla
W3af: This is a GUI-based web application attack and audit framework to find and exploit the vulnerabilities detected
Privilege Escalation occurs when we have already gained access to the system but with low privileges. It can also be that we have legitimate access but not enough to make effective changes on the system, so we will need to elevate our privileges or gain access to another account with higher privileges. A quick tour of the tools and short definitions are as follows:
Maskgen: This is an analyzer for output file produced by DictGen to generate optimal password mask collection for input to the Hashcat password cracker.
Policygen: This tool helps to generate passwords to be compliant for many policies.
Rulegen: This implements password analysis and rule generation for the Hashcat password cracker.
Hashcat: This is incredibly the fastest CPU-based password recovery tool.
Chntpw: This is a utility used for resetting or blanking local passwords in Wintel systems.
Crunch: This is a wordlist generator where you can specify a standard character set.
Fcrackzip: This is a fast password cracker partly written in assembler.
John: This (also known as John the Ripper) is a password cracking software tool.
Ophcrack: This is a Windows password cracker based on rainbow tables.
Pdfcrack: This is a tool for recovering passwords and content from PDF files.
Truecrack: This is a brute-force password cracker for TrueCrypt (Copyright) volume files.
Medusa: This is a speedy, massively parallel, modular, login brute-force attacker, supporting many protocols.
Xhydra: This is a parallelized login cracker that can attack protocols such as TELNET, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, HTTP-PROXY, LDAP, SMB, SMBNT, MS-SQL, MySQL, REXEC, SOCKS5, VNC, POP3, IMAP, NNTP, PCNFS, ICQ, Cisco auth, Cisco enable, and Cisco AAA by using the Telnet module.
Driftnet: This is an application that listens to network traffic and picks out images from the TCP streams it observes.
Dsniff: This is a network traffic sniffer that analyzes and parses different application protocols by extracting the relevant information.
Ettercap: This is a comprehensive suite for man-in-the-middle attacks. It has a user-friendly GUI interface and supports passive and active dissection of the amount of protocols.
Ngrep: This (also known as network grep) is a network packet analyzer.
Sslstrip: This is a sniffer against secure socket layer protocol.
Tcpdump: This is a common packet analyzer that runs under the command line.
Wireshark: This is a free and open source network packet analyzer.
Maintaining Access is about setting up an environment that will allow us to access the system again without repeating the tasks that we performed to gain access initially. The tools are briefly described as follows:
Iodine: This is a free (ISC licensed) tunnel application to forward IPv4 traffic through DNS servers
Ptunnel: This is an application that allows you to reliably tunnel TCP connections to a remote host using ICMP echo request and reply packets, commonly known as ping requests and replies
Weevely: This is a stealth PHP web shell that simulates a telnet-like connection
The Documentation & Reporting menu contains the tools that will allow us to collect the information during our assessment and generate a human readable report from them. The following are the tools for this section:
The Reverse Engineering menu contains the suite of tools aimed to reverse the system by analyzing its structure for both hardware and software. There are many interesting tools in this menu and we list them along with a short description as follows:
Bokken: This is a GUI for the Pyew and Radare projects, so it offers almost all the same features that Pyew has and some features of Radare as well. It's intended to be a basic disassembler, mainly to analyze malware and vulnerabilities.
Dissy: This is a graphical frontend to the objdump disassembler.
Flasm: This is a command-line assembler/disassembler of Flash ActionScript bytecode.
Ndisasm: This is a Netwide Disassembler, an 80 x 86 binary file disassembler.
Social Engineering is based on a nontechnical intrusion method, mainly on human interaction. It is the ability to manipulate the person and obtain his/her access credentials or the information that can introduce us to such parameters. A brief description of the tools is as follows:
Honeyd: This is a small daemon that creates virtual hosts on a network
Thpot: This is a tiny honeypot to set up simple and fake services
SET: This (also known as Social-Engineer Toolkit) is designed to perform attacks against human interaction
BeEF: This is a penetration testing tool that focuses on web browsers
Websploit: This is used to scan and analyze remote systems in order to find various types of vulnerabilities
The Stress Testing menu contains a group of tools aimed to test the stress level of applications and servers. Stress testing is the action where a massive amount of requests (for example, ICMP request) are performed against the target machine to create heavy traffic to overload the system. In this case, the target server is under severe stress and can be taken advantage of. For instance, the running services such as the web server, database or application server (for example, DDoS attack) can be taken down. A brief description of the tools is as follows:
Siege: This is an HTTP regression testing and benchmarking utility
Slowhttptest: This is a highly configurable tool that simulates Application Layer DoS attacks
Thc-ssl-dos: This is a proof-of-concept tool that exploits vulnerabities in SSL
Tcpjunk: This is a TCP protocols testing and hacking utility
The Forensic Analysis menu contains a great amount of useful tools to perform a forensic analysis on any system. Forensic analysis is the act of carrying out an investigation to obtain evidence from devices. It is a structured examination that aims to rebuild the user's history in a computer device or a server system. A brief description of the tools for forensic analysis is as follows:
Dcfldd: This is an enhanced version of GNU dd with features useful for forensics and security
Ddrescue: This is a data recovery tool that copies and attempts to recover data from one file or block device (hard disc, CD-ROM, and so on) onto another
Guymager: This is a fast and most user-friendly forensic imager, based on libewf and libguytools
DFF: This (also known as Digital Forensics Framework) is a digital data collector for forensic purposes
Foremost: This is a console application that helps you to recover files based on their headers, footers, and internal data structures
Photorec: This is a file carver data recovery software tool explicitly focused on image recovery from digital cameras (CompactFlash, Memory Stick, Secure Digital, SmartMedia, Microdrive, MMC, USB flash drives, and so on), hard disks, and CD-ROMs
Scalpel: This is a carver tool designed to recover deleted data from the system
Ntfs-3g: This is an open source cross-platform implementation of the Microsoft Windows NTFS filesystem with read/write support
Dumpzilla: This is designed for extracting and analyzing all forensically interesting information from the browsers such as Firefox, Iceweasel, and Seamonkey
Steghide: This is a steganography program that is able to hide data in the image and audio files
Vinetto: This examines the
Thumbs.dbfiles for forensic purposesXplico: This is an application that extracts the application data from an Internet traffic capture
The voice over IP (VoIP) is a very commonly used protocol today in every part of the world. VoIP analysis is the act of monitoring and analyzing the network traffic with a specific analysis of VoIP calls. So in this section, we have a single tool dedicated to the analysis of VoIP systems. The short description of the tool is as follows:
The Wireless Analysis menu contains a suite of tools dedicated to the security analysis of wireless protocols. Wireless analysis is the act of analyzing wireless devices to check their safety level. A brief description of the tools included in this section is as follows:
Aircrack-ng: This is a network software suite consisting of a detector, packet sniffer, WEP and WPA/WPA2-PSK cracker and analysis tool for 802.11 wireless LANs
Mdk3: This is a proof-of-concept tool to exploit common IEEE 802.11 protocol weaknesses
Pyrit: This is an application GPGPU-driven WPA/WPA2-PSK key cracker
Reaver: This is an application to perform brute-force attacks against Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)
Wirouterkeyrec: This is a tool to recover the default WPA passphrases of supported router models
Kismet: This is an 802.11 layer2 wireless network identifier and passive data package collector
The Miscellaneous menu contains tools that have different functionalities and can be placed in any section that we mentioned earlier, or in none of them. They all are quite interesting tools and we will list them with a short description as follows:
Cryptcat: This is a lightweight version netcat extended with twofish encryption
Inundator: This tool fills IDS/IPS/WAF logs with false positives to obfuscate an attack
Ncat: This is a command-line feature-packed networking tool for reading and writing TCP/UDP data connections
Ndiff: This is a tool to aid in the comparison of Nmap scans
Netcat: This is a command-line featured networking tool for reading and writing TCP/IP data connections
Nping: This is a tool for network packet generation, response analysis, and response time measurement
Proxychanins: This is a tool that allows you to run any program through HTTP or SOCKS proxy
Shred: This is a tool that repeatedly overwrites a file in order to make it difficult even for a very expensive hardware probing to recover data
Thc-ipv6: This a complete tool set to attack the inherent protocol weaknesses of IPV6 and ICMP6, and includes an easy-to-use packet factory library
Apart from the security-auditing tools, BackBox also has several privacy-protection tools. The suite of privacy-protection tools includes Tor, Polipo, and the Firefox safe mode that have been configured with a default profile in the private-browsing mode. There are many other useful tools recommended by the team but they are not included in the default ISO image. Therefore, the recommended tools are available in the BackBox repository and can be easily installed with apt-get (automated package installation tool for Debian-like systems).
It is obvious that there are many alternatives when it comes to the choice of penetration testing tools for any particular auditing process. The BackBox team is mainly focused on the size of the tool library, performance, and the inclusion of the tools for security and auditing. The amount of tools included in BackBox is subject to accurate selection and testing by a team.
Most of the security and penetration testing tools are implemented to perform identical functions. The BackBox team is very careful in the selection process in order to avoid duplicate applications and redundancies.
Besides the wiki-based documentation provided for its set of tools, the repository of BackBox can also be imported into any of existing Ubuntu installation (or any of Debian derivative distro) by simply importing the project's Launchpad repository to the source list.
Another point that the BackBox team focus their attention on is the size issue. BackBox may not offer the largest number of tools and utilities, but numbers are not equal to the quality. It has the essential tools installed by default that are sufficient to a penetration tester.
However, BackBox is not a perfect penetration testing distribution. It is a very young project and aims to offer the best solution to the global community.
BackBox is an open community where everybody's help is greatly welcomed. Here is a list of useful links to BackBox information on the Web:
The BackBox main and official web page, where we can find general information about the distribution and the organization of the team, is available at http://www.BackBox.org/
The BackBox official blog, where we can find news about BackBox such as release notes and bug correction notifications, is available at http://www.BackBox.org/blog
The BackBox official wikipage, where we can find many tutorials for the tools usage that are included in the distribution, is available at http://wiki.BackBox.org/
The BackBox official forum is the main discussion forum, where users can post their problems and also suggestions, is available at http://forum.BackBox.org/
The BackBox Official IRC chat room is available at https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.autistici.org:6667/?nick=BackBox_?#BackBox
The BackBox official repository hosted on Launchpad, where the entire packages are located, is available at https://launchpad.net/~BackBox
BackBox has also a Wikipedia page, where we can run through a brief history about how the project began, which is available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackBox
In this chapter, we became more familiar with the BackBox environment by analyzing its menu structure and the way its tools are organized. We also provided a quick comment on each tool in BackBox. This is the only theoretical chapter regarding the introduction of BackBox.
In the next chapter, we will start with the first step of our penetration testing adventure, which is about information gathering. We will learn how to collect the information on a target system, which can be used for the next steps of our auditing process.
