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Advanced JavaScript
Advanced JavaScript

Advanced JavaScript: Speed up web development with the powerful features and benefits of JavaScript

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Advanced JavaScript

Chapter 1. Introducing ECMAScript 6

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  • Define the different scopes in JavaScript and characterize variable declaration

  • Simplify JavaScript object definitions

  • Destructure objects and arrays, and build classes and modules

  • Transpile JavaScript for compatibility

  • Compose iterators and generators

In this chapter, you'll be learning how to use the new syntax and concepts of ECMAScript.

Introduction


JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language designed to allow the programmer to build interactive web applications. JavaScript is one of the backbones of web development, along with HTML and CSS. Nearly every major website, including Google, Facebook, and Netflix, make heavy use of JavaScript. JS was first created for the Netscape web browser in 1995. The first prototype of JavaScript was written by Brendan Eich in just a mere 10 days. Since its creation, JavaScript has become one of the most common programming languages in use today.

In this book, we will deepen your understanding of the core of JavaScript and its advanced functionality. We will cover the new features that have been introduced in the ECMAScript standard, JavaScript's asynchronous programming nature, DOM and HTML event interaction with JavaScript, JavaScript's functional programming paradigms, testing JavaScript code, and the JavaScript development environment. With the knowledge gained from this book, you will be ready to begin using JavaScript in a professional setting to build powerful web applications.

Beginning with ECMAScript


ECMAScript is a scripting language specification standardized by ECMA International. It was created to standardize JavaScript in an attempt to allow for independent and compatible implementations. ECMAScript 6, or ES6, was originally released in 2015 and has gone through several minor updates since then.

Note

You may refer to the following link for more information about ECMA specification:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Language_Resources.

Understanding Scope


In computer science, scope is the region of a computer program where the binding or association of a name to an entity, such as a variable or function, is valid. JavaScript has the following two distinct types of scope:

  • Function scope

  • Block scope

Until ES6, function scope was the only form of scope in JavaScript; all variable and function declarations followed function scope rules. Block scope was introduced in ES6 and is used only by the variables declared with the new variable declaration keywords let and const. These keywords are discussed in detail in the Declaring Variables section.

Function Scope

Function scope in JavaScript is created inside functions. When a function is declared, a new scope block is created inside the body of that function. Variables that are declared inside the new function scope cannot be accessed from the parent scope; however, the function scope has access to variables in the parent scope.

To create a variable with function scope, we must declare the variable with the var keyword. For example:

var example = 5;

The following snippet provides an example of function scope:

var example = 5;
function test() {
  var testVariable = 10;
  console.log( example ); // Expect output: 5
  console.log( testVariable ); // Expect output: 10
}
test();
console.log( testVariable ); // Expect reference error

Snippet 1.1: Function Scope

Parent scope is simply the scope of the section of code that the function was defined in. This is usually the global scope; however, in some cases, it may be useful to define a function inside a function. In that case, the nested function's parent scope would be the function in which it is defined. In the preceding snippet, the function scope is the scope that was created inside the function test. The parent scope is the global scope, that is, where the function is defined.

Note

Parent scope is the block of code, which the function is defined in. It is not the block of code in which the function is called.

Function Scope Hoisting

When a variable is created with function scope, it's declaration automatically gets hoisted to the top of the scope. Hoisting means that the interpreter moves the instantiation of an entity to the top of the scope it was declared in, regardless of where in the scope block it is defined. Functions and variables declared using var are hoisted in JavaScript; that is, a function or a variable can be used before it has been declared. The following code demonstrates this, as follows:

example = 5; // Assign value
console.log( example ); // Expect output: 5
var example; // Declare variable

Snippet 1.2: Function Scope Hoisting

Note

Since a hoisted variable that's been declared with var can be used before it is declared, we have to be careful to not use that variable before it has been assigned a value. If a variable is accessed before it has been assigned a value, it will return the value as undefined, which can cause problems, especially if variables are used in the global scope.

Block Scope

A new block scope in JavaScript is created with curly braces ({}). A pair of curly braces can be placed anywhere in the code to define a new scope block. If statements, loops, functions, and any other curly brace pairs will have their own block scope. This includes floating curly brace pairs not associated with a keyword (if, for, etc). The code in the following snippet is an example of the block scope rules:

// Top level scope
function scopeExample() {
  // Scope block 1
  for ( let i = 0; i < 10; i++ ){ /* Scope block 2 */ }
  if ( true ) { /* Scope block 3 */ } else {  /* Scope block 4 */ }
  // Braces without keywords create scope blocks
  { /* Scope block 5 */ } 
  // Scope block 1
}
// Top level scope

Snippet 1.3: Block Scope

Variables declared with the keywords let and const have block scope. When a variable is declared with block scope, it does NOT have the same variable hoisting as variables that are created in function scope. Block scoped variables are not hoisted to the top of the scope and therefore cannot be accessed until they are declared. This means that variables that are created with block scope are subject to the Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ). The TDZ is the period between when a scope is entered and when a variable is declared. It ends when the variable is declared rather than assigned. The following example demonstrates the TDZ:

// console.log( example ); // Would throw ReferenceError
let example;
console.log( example ); // Expected output: undefined
example = 5;
console.log( example ); // Expected output: 5

Snippet 1.4: Temporal Dead Zone

Note

If a variable is accessed inside the Temporal Dead Zone, then a runtime error will be thrown. This is important because it allows our code to be built more robustly with fewer semantic errors arising from variable declaration.

To get a better understanding of scope blocks, refer to the following table:

Figure 1.1: Function Scope versus Block Scope

In summary, scope provides us with a way to separate variables and restrict access between blocks of code. Variable identifier names can be reused between blocks of scope. All new scope blocks that are created can access the parent scope, or the scope in which they were created or defined. JavaScript has two types of scope. A new function scope is created for each function defined. Variables can be added to function scope with the var keyword, and these variables are hoisted to the top of the scope. Block scope is a new ES6 feature. A new block scope is created for each set of curly braces. Variables are added to block scope with the let and const keywords. The variables that are added are not hoisted and are subject to the TDZ.

Exercise 1: Implementing Block Scope

To implement block scope principles with variables, perform the following steps:

  1. Create a function called fn1 as shown (function fn1()).

  2. Log the string as scope 1.

  3. Create a variable called scope with the value of 5.

  4. Log the value of the variable called scope.

  5. Create a new block scope inside of the function with curly braces ({}).

  6. Inside the new scope block, log the string called scope 2.

  7. Create a new variable called scope, inside the scope block and assign the value different scope.

  8. Log the value variable scope inside our block scope (scope 2).

  9. Outside of the block scope defined in step 5 (scope 2), create a new block scope (use curly braces).

  10. Log the string called scope 3.

  11. Create a variable inside the scope block (scope 3) with the same name as the variables (call it scope) and assign it the value a third scope.

  12. Log the new variable's value.

  13. Call fn1 and observe its output

Code

index.js:
function fn1(){
 console.log('Scope 1');
 let scope = 5;
 console.log(scope);
 {
   console.log('Scope 2');
   let scope = 'different scope';
   console.log(scope);
 }
  {
   console.log('Scope 3');
   let scope = 'a third scope';
   console.log(scope);
 }
}
fn1();

https://bit.ly/2RoOotW

Snippet 1.5: Block implementation output

Outcome

Figure 1.2: Scope outputs

You have successfully implemented block scope in JavaScript.

In this section, we covered the two types of JavaScript scope, function and block scope, and the differences between them. We demonstrated how a new instance of function scope was created inside each function and how block scope was created inside each set of curly braces. We discussed the variable declaration keywords for each type of scope, var for function scope and let/const for block scope. Finally, we covered the basics of hoisting with both function and block scope.

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Key benefits

  • Explore the new ES6 syntax, the event loop, and asynchronous programming
  • Learn the test-driven development approach when building apps
  • Master advanced JavaScript concepts to enhance your web developments skill

Description

If you are looking for a programming language to develop flexible and efficient applications, JavaScript is an obvious choice. Advanced JavaScript is a hands-on guide that takes you through JavaScript and its many features, one step at a time. You'll begin by learning how to use the new JavaScript syntax in ES6, and then work through the many other features that modern JavaScript has to offer. As you progress through the chapters, you’ll use asynchronous programming with callbacks and promises, handle browser events, and perform Document Object Model (DOM) manipulation. You'll also explore various methods of testing JavaScript projects. In the concluding chapters, you'll discover functional programming and learn to use it to build your apps. With this book as your guide, you'll also be able to develop APIs using Node.js and Express, create front-ends using React/Redux, and build mobile apps using React/Expo. By the end of Advanced JavaScript, you will have explored the features and benefits of JavaScript to build small applications.

Who is this book for?

This book is designed to target anyone who wants to write JavaScript in a professional environment. We expect the audience to have used JavaScript in some capacity and be familiar with the basic syntax. This book would be good for a tech enthusiast wondering when to use generators or how to use Promises and Callbacks effectively, or a novice developer who wants to deepen their knowledge on JavaScript and understand TDD.

What you will learn

  • Examine major features in ES6 and implement those features to build applications
  • Create promise and callback handlers to work with asynchronous processes
  • Develop asynchronous flows using Promise chaining and async/await syntax
  • Manipulate the DOM with JavaScript
  • Handle JavaScript browser events
  • Explore Test Driven Development and build code tests with JavaScript code testing frameworks.
  • List the benefits and drawbacks of functional programming compared to other styles
  • Construct applications with the Node.js backend framework and the React frontend framework
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Publication date : Jan 31, 2019
Length: 330 pages
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Table of Contents

6 Chapters
Introducing ECMAScript 6 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Asynchronous JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DOM Manipulation and Event Handling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The JavaScript Ecosystem Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.5
(4 Ratings)
5 star 25%
4 star 0%
3 star 75%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
FM Jul 02, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Forget about what people are saying below about the book and the dumb reviews. This book is by far the best JS book I've ordered so far! It's modern JS, covers all the points you need and more. If you want a book about design patterns, look elsewhere. But design paterns are general and applicable to (almost) every programming language out there. The book does what says on the cover, shows you concepts both basic and advanced! 5 stars from me!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Lee Apr 27, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
I've only almost completed the first chapter, the concepts introduced herein are clear and precise, but the amount of errata is very distracting. Most errata encountered thus far were likely caused by copying and pasting codes that are repeated throughout the same section of narrative. I wish all Packt represented books could receive stricter typo and errata screening, because this class of flaws has been around for way too long. Both authors and publishers have their responsibilities to make their books relatively joyful to read. I also think that customers should be provided with reading tools that allow the highlighting of typo and errata and the input of their reasons and correction suggestions. I requested these in multiple conversations with their reps already.
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Mark cooper Feb 24, 2021
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Decent overview of several core Javascript areas. A little disjointed (went from a chapter on asynchronous programming to one on the DOM and jQuery) but overall worth the money.
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Scott J Pearson Aug 15, 2021
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In the past decade, the JavaScript language has witnessed a renaissance of new activity. Once pigeon-holed as a language for web browser eye-candy, JavaScript can now be used for the entire stack (server-side, client-side, testing, and even command-line). In this book, Shute attempts to keep developers up to date with a high-level review of the advancements. While this book is not a classic (and what modern computer-language-specific book is a classic?), it serves the needs of the IT community quite well.Shute starts by informing readers about the modernization of JavaScript in a form cryptically called ES6. This language allows for more compact and more powerful expression, including new features dealing with asynchronous functions. Most programmers who have done a deep dive into some form of JavaScript are familiar with the challenges of its asynchronous nature.In case anyone is still not familiar with the Document Object Model (DOM) and jQuery, a tutorial is provided. (Most programmers will likely not gain much other than review from this section.) A section on automated testing is provided along with a conceptual introduction to functional programming. Finally, the “ecosystem” of Node.js, Express, and React are described in broader terms.As you can see, Shute does not miss much of the recent developments. However, he stays pretty high in his overview and provides few deep dives to entertain readers as well. This is the main limitation of the book. For instance, I bought another book on Node.js to supplement while reading this one. That said, this book did inspire me to buy a book instead of merely being bored in the first place – a definite accomplishment.This book’s intended audience really consists of only the software development community – hence its higher price-tag. The materials were put together well with a sturdy cover and clear font. Due to the technical content, few pictures accompany the text. Overall, this book updated me on a high level but left me wanting to take a deep dive or two into more difficult (and interesting) topics.
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