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You're reading from  Tokenomics

Product typeBook
Published inOct 2018
Reading LevelBeginner
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ISBN-139781789136326
Edition1st Edition
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Authors (2):
Sean Au
Sean Au
author image
Sean Au

Sean Au is a blockchain researcher and trainer with a B.E. (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and a Masters in Engineering Management from the Canterbury University in NZ. His masters' thesis 19 years ago was titled "Information Intermediaries," but with the rise of decentralization, that old model has surely crumbled. With over 15 years of experience in the field of IT, Sean started out as a programmer, and prior to entering the blockchain rabbit hole, he was an integration architect and consultant, joining cloud systems together. Sean is a Certified Bitcoin Professional (CBP) and designed and delivered NZ's first blockchain training course in association with the Blockchain Association of New Zealand (BANZ). Sean is the immediate past president and current education chair of BANZ and a member of the NZ ISO/TC307 committee on blockchains and distributed ledger technologies. Sean continues to contribute by building practical applications and sharing it with the local community as the co-organizer of the Wellington blockchain meetup and organizer of the Wellington smart contract meetup. Some of his projects include "Ubering Energy on the Blockchain" and placing his land title on the blockchain.
Read more about Sean Au

Thomas Power(GBP)
Thomas Power(GBP)
author image
Thomas Power(GBP)

Thomas Power is an author of 7 books since 1998 and has made over 1000 speeches in 56 countries covering all aspects of technology, social media, community building, cloud, and SaaS Apps. Now the world has shifted its attention to Blockchain, Bitcoin, Ethereum, ICOs, Tokenomics, Cryptonomics, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence, and Thomas has shifted with the times, making presentations on these subjects to conferences and board members around the globe. Thomas is ranked No 11 in the Crypto 100 most Influential People. Thomas is also ranked No 9 in The Blockchain Fintech 100 People. Thomas has over 290,000 followers on Twitter and is ranked No. 1 in the world on LinkedIn with 680 written testimonials. Thomas is a board member and Director of six companies, including 9Spokes PLC in New Zealand who supply Barclays, Royal Bank of Canada, and Bank of New Zealand with Cloud SaaS AI solutions for small businesses and Team Blockchain Ltd based in London. As GDPR kicked in May 25th 2018, Thomas has woken up many executives to the power of Community Building on The Blockchain to avoid the penalty fines of 4% of global turnover. The next big development is for us all to hold our identity on The Blockchain so we can go through Know Your Customer (KYC) and AntiMoney Laundering (AML) processes with Banks and Financial Services companies in one click like Amazon Pay. This will further allow us all to trade with tokens for products and services from Brands so we are incentivized and rewarded with every interaction… much like the opening show of Black Mirror part three.
Read more about Thomas Power(GBP)

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Chapter 7. The Token Sales Mechanics

Creating tokens in an ICO, as covered in Chapter 4, Token Varieties, was one thing, but figuring out how many to create, how much to sell, the early round bonuses, the inflation rate and everything else relating to the mechanics of the tokens was (and still is) a challenging task. All of the above had to be communicated to supporters and investors, while trying to keep things simple.

Although there was no right or wrong way to create tokens and market them, a lot of parallels can be drawn from the issuance of regular shares in a company, served with a side of economic incentives, a sprinkling of game theory, and a dust of creative marketing.

In this chapter, we will look at:

  • Token supply and distribution

  • Presale strategy and bonuses

  • Hard cap, soft cap, and no cap

  • A reverse Dutch auction

  • A token mechanic blueprint

If a lawyer was important when contemplating an ICO, a CEO or Chief Economic Officer was becoming crucial when looking at structuring the inner workings...

Token supply and distribution


Looking at the number of tokens created, there was generally no rhyme or reason for the values chosen. The standard default in the early days seemed to be 100 million tokens, which was a nice round number. Others preferred a billion as a round number. The supply ranged from 2.6 million to 2.7 quadrillion:

ICO

Amount

Counterparty

2.6 million

Factom

8.8 million

Gnosis

10 million

Augur

11 million

Decent

73.3 million

Bancor

79.4 million

Firstblood

93.5 million

ICONOMI

100 million

MobileGo

100 million

Waves

100 million

Ark

125 million

TenX

205.2 million

Pillar

800 million

Humaniq

921 million

Synereo

949.3 million

Civic

1 billion

Nxt

1 billion

SingularDTV

1 billion

BAT

1.5 billion

Filecoin

2 billion

Ripple

100 billion

Kin

10 trillion

IOTA

2,780 trillion

Table 1: Examples of token supplies from various ICOs.

The reason why some of the supplies were not whole numbers was due to the sales model employed by various ICOs. For...

EOS distribution


The EOS ICO was unique and deserves a special mention. The concept was that one billion EOS tokens were to be distributed over a period of 341 days. 200 million or 20% were distributed during the first five days, from June 26, 2017, to July 1, 2017, and an additional 700 million EOS tokens were distributed in two million blocks every 23 hours thereafter. 100 million or 10% was reserved for Block.one, an open source software publisher specializing in high performance blockchain technologies (https://block.one/about/).

Note that the vesting period of the 100 million for Block.one is 10% over 10 years. At the end of the five-day period and at the end of each 23-hour period, a fixed number of tokens were distributed proportionally amongst all the investors, based on their contributions. In other words, everyone in a specific period gets the same amount of EOS per ETH as everyone else. You only know for sure exactly how many EOS you are getting for your sent ETH once the period...

The presales strategy and bonuses


In the beginning, everyone formed orderly queues and calmly sent funds to bitcoin addresses and smart contracts, but as the excitement grew, especially during the hype of 2017, tokens and cash were flying everywhere. This was primarily due to token holders doubling or tripling their investments in a very short space of time. In some cases, investors made ten times their initial investment in a matter of weeks or even days of the tokens listing on exchanges.

First, it was all about just getting the tokens. Then it became a race to buy the tokens first because bonuses were often linked to buyers in the first week or days or even the first "Power Hour." The next level was a pre-ICO, where a second smart contract would be created to handle the receipt of the funds. Then we saw private pre-ICOs before the pre-ICO. It was utter madness.

Let's start by understanding how bonuses worked.

No bonuses

Nearly all ICOs have some sort of bonus offering stage, but let's first...

Hard cap, soft cap, and no cap


Another aspect of the token mechanics was to decide on the soft cap and the hard cap. Some even had no cap at all! These caps are effectively fundraising goals.

Uncapped ICOs

An uncapped ICO is where there is no upper limit to the amount being raised. What the company is effectively saying is that no matter what the demand is, tokens will be created to cater for it. The Ethereum ICO was uncapped and sold approximately 60 million ETH.

Ethereum

What was interesting about the Ethereum ICO was that over the 62 days that it ran for, the price of bitcoin dropped from about $618 USD to $398 USD. This is a 36% drop in value. This meant that those who invested at the very last minute, ended up paying about the same rate of $0.33/ETH as those that invested early.

This highlights two important points. Firstly, the volatile nature of the cryptocurrencies being collected in an ICO can play havoc with the expected calculations and secondly, the duration of the ICO plays a part...

Reverse Dutch auction – Gnosis


Gnosis did a very smart token sale. It did its homework and in December 2016, Chief Strategist Matt Liston released a blog titled Introducing the Gnosis Token Launch. This is where the concept of the Dutch auction was introduced. Keep in mind that this was five months before the actual ICO.

A Dutch auction is where a good (or service) is set at an artificially high price where demand is known or believed to be zero. At publicly known time intervals, the price ticks down in publicly known price values. The price continues to tick down until the first bid is received. At this point, the auction ends immediately and the bidder wins the goods at that price point. The advantage is that the buyer recognizes their fullest economic benefit from the sale because that is what they were willing to pay in the first place. It is also quick and simple to implement and understand and only one bid is required. There are not a million hands waving all over the place, for instance...

Token mechanics considerations


The following table can be used as a guideline for ideas when looking at different factors in structuring the mechanics of an ICO:

Summary


The methods of how tokens were created and sold in ICOs during 2016 and 2017 were varied, experimental, and creative. There were very few standards or patterns initially, as each ICO team experimented with the number of tokens to create, how many to distribute to their community of supporters and how many to withhold for various other purposes.

In this chapter, we learned that presale bonuses were usually a given but with insatiable demand, pre-ICOs were created, which then escalated to private sales. The rush was on to get in as early as possible, in order to essentially be able to flip or sell the tokens as soon as they hit the exchanges for a quick profit.

We learned that uncapped ICOs were frowned upon by the community, hard caps became the norm and soft caps should really be called a minimum threshold or goal. With the frantic rush in 2017 and big whales gobbling up tokens like plankton in the South China Sea, inventive ways were formed to try to decentralize token holders.

Now...

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Authors (2)

author image
Sean Au

Sean Au is a blockchain researcher and trainer with a B.E. (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and a Masters in Engineering Management from the Canterbury University in NZ. His masters' thesis 19 years ago was titled "Information Intermediaries," but with the rise of decentralization, that old model has surely crumbled. With over 15 years of experience in the field of IT, Sean started out as a programmer, and prior to entering the blockchain rabbit hole, he was an integration architect and consultant, joining cloud systems together. Sean is a Certified Bitcoin Professional (CBP) and designed and delivered NZ's first blockchain training course in association with the Blockchain Association of New Zealand (BANZ). Sean is the immediate past president and current education chair of BANZ and a member of the NZ ISO/TC307 committee on blockchains and distributed ledger technologies. Sean continues to contribute by building practical applications and sharing it with the local community as the co-organizer of the Wellington blockchain meetup and organizer of the Wellington smart contract meetup. Some of his projects include "Ubering Energy on the Blockchain" and placing his land title on the blockchain.
Read more about Sean Au

author image
Thomas Power(GBP)

Thomas Power is an author of 7 books since 1998 and has made over 1000 speeches in 56 countries covering all aspects of technology, social media, community building, cloud, and SaaS Apps. Now the world has shifted its attention to Blockchain, Bitcoin, Ethereum, ICOs, Tokenomics, Cryptonomics, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence, and Thomas has shifted with the times, making presentations on these subjects to conferences and board members around the globe. Thomas is ranked No 11 in the Crypto 100 most Influential People. Thomas is also ranked No 9 in The Blockchain Fintech 100 People. Thomas has over 290,000 followers on Twitter and is ranked No. 1 in the world on LinkedIn with 680 written testimonials. Thomas is a board member and Director of six companies, including 9Spokes PLC in New Zealand who supply Barclays, Royal Bank of Canada, and Bank of New Zealand with Cloud SaaS AI solutions for small businesses and Team Blockchain Ltd based in London. As GDPR kicked in May 25th 2018, Thomas has woken up many executives to the power of Community Building on The Blockchain to avoid the penalty fines of 4% of global turnover. The next big development is for us all to hold our identity on The Blockchain so we can go through Know Your Customer (KYC) and AntiMoney Laundering (AML) processes with Banks and Financial Services companies in one click like Amazon Pay. This will further allow us all to trade with tokens for products and services from Brands so we are incentivized and rewarded with every interaction… much like the opening show of Black Mirror part three.
Read more about Thomas Power(GBP)

 

Options

Examples/comments

Supply

  • Pick your lucky number

  • Proportional to funds raised

  • Desired capital ÷ desired price

  • 1 billion

  • $34 million raised = 34 million tokens

  • $50 million ÷ $0.10 USD

Price

  • Fixed initial price

  • Proportional

  • $0.10 USD

Distribution

  • Majority to supporters and true investors

  • Incentivize core team, founders, developers, and network participants

  • Distribute remaining as required

  • >50% to public

  • ~15% to developers, core team, and founders

  • ~5% to advisors

Cap

  • Uncapped

  • Hard cap

  • Soft cap

  • Hidden cap

  • Avoid uncapped

  • Implement hard cap

  • Soft cap optional

  • Avoid hidden cap

Duration

  • Fixed time

  • Until cap is reached

  • Four weeks

  • Avoid lengthy ICOs

Presales/bonuses

  • Be creative but keep it simple

  • Sliding scale for early backers

  • Four weeks

  • Avoid block height bonuses

Pre-ICO and private sales

  • Recommended

  • Get the ball rolling/psychological...