With speech-to-text users of Android devices can dictate into any text box on the device where textual input is required, for example, e-mail, text messaging, and search. The keyboard control contains a button with a microphone symbol and two letters indicating the language input settings, which can be changed by the user. On pressing the microphone button a window pops up asking the user to Speak Now. The spoken input is automatically transcribed into written text. The user can then decide what to do with the transcribed text.
Accuracy rates have improved considerably for dictation on small devices, on one hand due to the use of large-scale cloud-based resources for speech recognition, and on the other, to the fact that the device is usually held close to the user's mouth so that a more reliable acoustic signal can be obtained. One of the main challenges for voice dictation is that the input is unpredictable—users can say literally anything—and so a large general vocabulary is required to cover all possible inputs. Other challenges include dealing with background noise, sloppy speech, and unfamiliar accents.
Voice Search provides the same functionality on Android devices as the traditional Google Search except that instead of typing a query the user speaks it. Voice Search is available using the microphone in the Google Search widget. In Voice Search the recognized text is passed to the search engine and executed in the same way that a typed query is executed.
A new feature of Voice Search is that, in addition to returning a list of links, a spoken response to the query is returned. For example, in response to the question "How tall is the Eiffel tower?", the app replies, "The Eiffel tower is 324 meters tall." It is also possible to ask follow-up questions using pronouns, for example, "When was it built?". This additional functionality is made possible by combining Google's Knowledge Graph—a knowledge base used by Google—with its conversational search technology to provide a more conversational style of interaction.
Virtual Personal Assistants
One of the most exciting speech-based apps is the Virtual Personal Assistant (VPA), which acts like a personal assistant, performing a range of tasks such as finding information about local restaurants; carrying out commands involving apps on the device, for example, using speech to set the alarm or update the calendar; and engaging in general conversation. There are at least 20 VPAs available for Android devices (see the web page for this book) although the best-known VPA is Siri, which has been available on the iPhone iOS since 2011. You can find examples of interactions with Siri that are similar to those performed by Android VPAs on Apple's website http://www.apple.com/uk/ios/siri/. Many VPAs, including Siri, have been created with a personality and an ability to respond in a humorous way to trick questions and dubious input, thus adding to their entertainment value. See examples at http://www.sirifunny.com as well as numerous video clips on YouTube.
It is worth mentioning that a number of technologies share some of the characteristics of VPAs as explained in the following:
Dialog systems, which have a long tradition in academic research, are based on the vision of developing systems that can communicate with humans in natural language (initially written text but more recently speech). The first systems were concerned with obtaining information, for example, flight times or stock quotes. The next generation enabled users to engage in some form of transaction, in banking or making a travel reservation, while more recent systems are being developed to assist in troubleshooting, for example, guiding a user who is having difficulty setting up some item of equipment. A wide range of techniques have been used to implement dialog systems, including rule-based and statistically-based dialog processing.
Voice User Interfaces (VUIs), which are similar to dialog systems but with the emphasis on commercial deployment. Here the focus has tended to be on systems for specific purposes, such as call routing, directory assistance, and transactional dialogs for example, travel, hotel, flight, car rental, or bank balance. Many current VUIs have been designed using VoiceXML, a markup language based on XML. The VoiceXML scripts are then interpreted on a voice browser that also provides the required speech and telephony functions.
Chatbots, which have been used traditionally to simulate human conversation. The earliest chatbots go back to the 1960s with the famous ELIZA program written by Joseph Weizenbaum that simulated a Rogerian psychotherapist—often in a convincing way. More recently chatbots have been used in education, information retrieval, business, e-commerce, and in automated help desks. Chatbots use a sophisticated pattern-matching algorithm to match the user's input and to retrieve appropriate responses. Most chatbots have been text-based although increasingly speech-based chatbots are beginning to emerge (see further in Chapter 8, Dialogs with Virtual Personal Assistants).
Embodied conversational agents (ECAs), are computer-generated animated characters that combine facial expression, body stance, hand gestures, and speech to provide an enriched channel of communication. By enhancing the visual dimensions of face-to-face interaction embodied conversational agents can appear more trustworthy and believable, and also more interesting and entertaining. Embodied conversational agents have been used in applications such as interactive language learning, virtual training environments, virtual reality game shows, and interactive fiction and storytelling systems. Increasingly they are being used in e-commerce and e-banking to provide friendly and helpful automated help. See, for example, the agent Anna at the IKEA website http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/.
Virtual Personal Assistants differ from these technologies in that they allow users to use speech to perform many of the functions that are available on mobile devices, such as sending a text message, consulting and updating the calendar, or setting an alarm. They also provide access to web services, such as finding a restaurant, tracking a delivery, booking a flight, or using information services such as Knowledge Graph, Wolfram Alpha, or Wikipedia. Because they have access to contextual information on the device such as the user's location, time and date, contacts, and calendar, the VPA can provide information such as restaurant recommendations relevant to the user's location and preferences.
