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Learning PHP Data Objects
Learning PHP Data Objects

Learning PHP Data Objects: A Beginner's Guide to PHP Data Objects, Database Connection Abstraction Library for PHP 5

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Learning PHP Data Objects

Chapter 2. Using PHP Data Objects: First Steps

In the previous chapter, we had a brief overview of what PDO is, how to connect to your favourite database using PDO, how to issue simple queries and how to handle errors. Now that you are convinced that PDO is a good thing and are thinking of using it actively, we will be delving into all the features it has to offer.

In this chapter, we will look more closely at creating connections to a database using PDO and connection strings (data source names), the PDOStatement class, and how to traverse result sets. We will also create a small library management application, which will allow us to manage a collection of books of your home library. The application will be able to list books and authors as well as add and edit them.

We will start by having a look at connection strings, since without them, we will not be able to connect to any database. We will then create a sample database, on which all the examples in this book will be based.

We will depart...

Connection Strings


Connection strings, or data source names (abbreviated DSN) as they are called in the PDO documentation, are PHP strings that carry such information as the name of the database management system and of the database itself, as well as other connection parameters.

Their advantage over using traditional methods of creating database connection is that you don't have to modify your code if you change the database management system. A connection string can be defined in a configuration file and that file gets processed by your application. Should your database (data source) change, you just edit that configuration file and the rest of your code is kept intact.

The connection strings used in PDO differ due to the existence of different database management systems. However, they always have a common prefix, which denotes the underlying database driver. Remember the MySQL, SQLite, and PostgreSQL examples in the Chapter 1. The three connection strings looked like the following:

mysql...

Designing Our Code


Good application architecture is another key factor of an application, besides the correct data model. As the application that we are going to develop in this chapter, is relatively small, this task is not very complicated. First, we will create two pages that will list books and authors. To begin with, we should think about how these pages would look. To make our simple example small and compact, we will present a header on all pages that will contain links to the books list and the authors list. Later we will add two more pages that will allow us to add an author and a book.

Of course, we should create a common include file that will define the common functions such as the header and footer display and the connection to the database. Our example is really small, so we will not be using any template system or even object-oriented syntax. (Indeed, these topics are beyond the scope of this book.) So, to summarize:

  • All common functions (including code to create the PDO connection...

PDO Statements and Result Sets


Our examples made use of two of the main classes in PHP Data Objects: the PDO class, which is used to create a connection and issue queries, and the PDOStatement class, which we use to loop through the result set. We will look at the first of these classes in later chapters. Here, we will examine the PDOStatement class to see what other ways of traversing the result set that it has to offer.

As we already know, instances of the PDOStatement class are returned from the call to PDO::query() method. The main purpose of this class is to provide an interface to the result set. In fact, we have already used its most important method to iterate over the result set. We only looked at one fetch style (or mode of the returned row), but PDO offers several styles. This class can also provide additional information about a result set, such as the number of rows and columns, and fetch the whole result set into a two-dimensional array.

Let's begin by looking at some different...

Retrieving Result Set Metadata


As we have seen in the previous section, the PDOStatement class allows us to retrieve some information about the data contained in the result set. This information is called metadata, and you probably have already used some of it one way or another.

The most important metadata about a result set is, of course, the number of rows it contains. We can use the row count to enhance user experience by, for example, paginating long result sets. Our example library application is still quite small, with only three books so far, but as our database grows, we surely will need some tools to get the total row count for every table displayed and paginate it for easy browsing.

Traditionally, you would use the mysql_num_rows(), sqlite_num_rows() function or the pg_num_rows() function (depending on your database) to get the total number of rows returned by the query. In PDO, the method responsible for retrieving the number of rows is called PDOStatement::rowCount(). However...

Summary


In this chapter, we took our first steps with PDO and even created a small working database-driven, dynamic application that runs on two different databases. Now you should be able to connect to any supporting database, using the rules for constructing a connection string. You should then be able to run queries against it, and to traverse and display the result set.

In the next chapter, we will deal with a very important aspect of any database-driven application—error handling. We will also extend our example application by giving it the ability to add and edit books and authors, thus making it more realistic and useful.

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Key benefits

  • An overview of PDO
  • Creating a database and connecting to it
  • Error Handling
  • Advanced features

Description

PDO is lighter, faster, and more powerful than existing PHP data abstraction interfaces. PDO is a common interface to different databases that must be used with a database-specific PDO driver to access a particular database server: the PDO extension does not provide a database abstraction by itself; it doesn't rewrite SQL, emulate missing database features, or perform any database functions using by itself. It performs the same role as other classic database abstraction layers such as ODBC and JDBC: it's a query abstraction layer that abstracts the mechanism for accessing a database and manipulating the returned records; each database driver that implements the PDO interface can also expose database-specific features as regular extension functions. ¬ PDO ships with PHP 5.1, and is available as an extension for PHP 5.0; it requires the new object-oriented features of PHP 5, and cannot run with earlier versions of PHP.This book will teach you how to use the PDO, including its advanced features. Readers need to be aware of the basics of data abstraction and should be familiar with PHP.

Who is this book for?

PHP developers who need to use PDO for data abstraction.alt="Learning PHP Data Objects" title="Learning PHP Data Objects

What you will learn

  • This book covers:
  • An overview of the technology
  • Getting started with PDO
  • Error handling, prepared statements, and handling rowsets
  • Advanced features, like getting column metadata and setting connection parameters with examples
  • Chapter 1 gives an overview of PDO along with a few features like single interface for creating a connection, connection strings, uniform statement methods, and use of exceptions and a singe system of error codes.Chapter 2 helps to get you started with PDO, by creating sample database and then by creating a connection object. It also introduces PDOStatement classes.Chapter 3 deals with various error handling processes and their uses.Chapter 4 is about prepared statements. It deals with using prepared statements without binding values, binding a variable and a parameter to a prepared statement, and using LOBs as streams.Chapter 5 talks about handling rowsets. It covers different ways to retrieve multiple rows. Scrollable cursors, and MySQL unbuffered queries and closing the cursor along with multiple queries, and rowsets are also explained.Chapter 6 talks about advanced uses of PDO, and includes setting connection parameters, transactions, and methods of PDO and PDOStatement class.Chapter 7 gives an example where creation of the method part of MVC application is discussed. Appendix explains the object-oriented features like inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and exception handling.
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Publication date : Aug 30, 2007
Length: 188 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

7 Chapters
Introduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using PHP Data Objects: First Steps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Error Handling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Prepared Statements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Rowsets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced PDO Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
An Advanced Example Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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M.Cotten Apr 29, 2015
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A me some read with very practical applications. It was great that author cover multiple DBs and their syntax in most examples.
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Fran Jan 27, 2013
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Im new in PDO, I felt curiosity for this. The book was enough to start to work with it. step by step I learned and in only one day I finished the whole book. Very handy
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George Russell Jun 22, 2016
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Excellent
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Christopher Govender Jan 04, 2015
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Really great for any PHP programmer at beginner and intermediate level.
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Chylle's Jan 11, 2015
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My son loves it!
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