Return values

A function in Python always returns a single object. If a function has to return more than one object, these are packed and returned as a single tuple object.

For instance, the following function takes a complex number z and returns its polar coordinate representation as magnitude r and angle  according to Euler’s formula:

And the Python counterpart would be this:

def complex_to_polar(z):
    r = sqrt(z.real ** 2 + z.imag ** 2)
    phi = arctan2(z.imag, z.real)
    return (r,phi)  # here the return object is formed

Here, we used the sqrt(x) NumPy function for the square root of a number x and arctan2(x,y) for the expression tan^-1(x/y).

Let us try our function:

z = 3 + 5j  # here we define a complex number
a = complex_to_polar(z)
r = a[0]
phi = a[1]

The last three statements can be written more elegantly in a single line:

r,phi = complex_to_polar(z)

We can test our function by calling polar_to_comp; refer to Exercise 1.

If a function has no return statement...