Home Data The Deep Learning Workshop

The Deep Learning Workshop

By Mirza Rahim Baig , Thomas V. Joseph , Nipun Sadvilkar and 2 more
books-svg-icon Book
eBook $29.99
Print $43.99
Subscription $15.99
$10 p/m for first 3 months. $15.99 p/m after that. Cancel Anytime!
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 7000+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with eBook + Subscription?
Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats, plus a monthly download credit
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with eBook?
Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better reading experience
What do you get with video?
Download this video in MP4 format
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Watch whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better learning experience
What do you get with video?
Stream this video
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Watch whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better learning experience
What do you get with Audiobook?
Download a zip folder consisting of audio files (in MP3 Format) along with supplementary PDF
What do you get with Exam Trainer?
Flashcards, Mock exams, Exam Tips, Practice Questions
Access these resources with our interactive certification platform
Mobile compatible-Practice whenever, wherever, however you want
BUY NOW $10 p/m for first 3 months. $15.99 p/m after that. Cancel Anytime!
eBook $29.99
Print $43.99
Subscription $15.99
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 7000+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with eBook + Subscription?
Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats, plus a monthly download credit
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with a Packt Subscription?
This book & 6500+ ebooks & video courses on 1000+ technologies
60+ curated reading lists for various learning paths
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Early Access to eBooks as they are being written
Personalised content suggestions
Customised display settings for better reading experience
50+ new titles added every month on new and emerging tech
Playlists, Notes and Bookmarks to easily manage your learning
Mobile App with offline access
What do you get with eBook?
Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better reading experience
What do you get with video?
Download this video in MP4 format
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Watch whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better learning experience
What do you get with video?
Stream this video
Access this title in our online reader
DRM FREE - Watch whenever, wherever and however you want
Online reader with customised display settings for better learning experience
What do you get with Audiobook?
Download a zip folder consisting of audio files (in MP3 Format) along with supplementary PDF
What do you get with Exam Trainer?
Flashcards, Mock exams, Exam Tips, Practice Questions
Access these resources with our interactive certification platform
Mobile compatible-Practice whenever, wherever, however you want
  1. Free Chapter
    2. Neural Networks
About this book
Are you fascinated by how deep learning powers intelligent applications such as self-driving cars, virtual assistants, facial recognition devices, and chatbots to process data and solve complex problems? Whether you are familiar with machine learning or are new to this domain, The Deep Learning Workshop will make it easy for you to understand deep learning with the help of interesting examples and exercises throughout. The book starts by highlighting the relationship between deep learning, machine learning, and artificial intelligence and helps you get comfortable with the TensorFlow 2.0 programming structure using hands-on exercises. You’ll understand neural networks, the structure of a perceptron, and how to use TensorFlow to create and train models. The book will then let you explore the fundamentals of computer vision by performing image recognition exercises with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using Keras. As you advance, you’ll be able to make your model more powerful by implementing text embedding and sequencing the data using popular deep learning solutions. Finally, you’ll get to grips with bidirectional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and build generative adversarial networks (GANs) for image synthesis. By the end of this deep learning book, you’ll have learned the skills essential for building deep learning models with TensorFlow and Keras.
Publication date:
July 2020
Publisher
Packt
Pages
474
ISBN
9781839219856

 

2. Neural Networks

Overview

This chapter starts with an introduction to biological neurons; we see how an artificial neural network is inspired by biological neural networks. We will examine the structure and inner workings of a simple single-layer neuron called a perceptron and learn how to implement it in TensorFlow. We will move on to building multilayer neural networks to solve more complex multiclass classification tasks and discuss the practical considerations of designing a neural network. As we build deep neural networks, we will move on to Keras to build modular and easy-to-customize neural network models in Python. By the end of this chapter, you'll be adept at building neural networks to solve complex problems.

 

Introduction

In the previous chapter, we learned how to implement basic mathematical concepts such as quadratic equations, linear algebra, and matrix multiplication in TensorFlow. Now that we have learned the basics, let's dive into Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), which are central to artificial intelligence and deep learning.

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning. In supervised learning, we often use traditional machine learning techniques, such as support vector machines or tree-based models, where features are explicitly engineered by humans. However, in deep learning, the model explores and identifies the important features of a labeled dataset without human intervention. ANNs, inspired by biological neurons, have a layered representation, which helps them learn labels incrementally—from the minute details to the complex ones. Consider the example of image recognition: in a given image, an ANN would just as easily identify basic details such as light and...

 

Neural Networks and the Structure of Perceptrons

A neuron is a basic building block of the human nervous system, which relays electric signals across the body. The human brain consists of billions of interconnected biological neurons, and they are constantly communicating with each other by sending minute electrical binary signals by turning themselves on or off. The general meaning of a neural network is a network of interconnected neurons. In the current context, we are referring to ANNs, which are actually modeled on a biological neural network. The term artificial intelligence is derived from the fact that natural intelligence exists in the human brain (or any brain for that matter), and we humans are trying to simulate this natural intelligence artificially. Though ANNs are inspired by biological neurons, some of the advanced neural network architectures, such as CNNs and RNNs, do not actually mimic the behavior of a biological neuron. However, for ease of understanding, we will...

 

Training a Perceptron

To train a perceptron, we need the following components:

  • Data representation
  • Layers
  • Neural network representation
  • Loss function
  • Optimizer
  • Training loop

In the previous section, we covered most of the preceding components: the data representation of the input data and the true labels in TensorFlow. For layers, we have the linear layer and the activation functions, which we saw in the form of the net input function and the sigmoid function respectively. For the neural network representation, we made a function called perceptron(), which uses a linear layer and a sigmoid layer to perform predictions. What we did in the previous section using input data and initial weights and biases is called forward propagation. The actual neural network training involves two stages: forward propagation and backward propagation. We will explore them in detail in the next few steps. Let's look at the training process at a higher level:

    ...
 

Keras as a High-Level API

In TensorFlow 1.0, there were several APIs, such as Estimator, Contrib, and layers. In TensorFlow 2.0, Keras is very tightly integrated with TensorFlow, and it provides a high-level API that is user-friendly, modular, composable, and easy to extend in order to build and train deep learning models. This also makes developing code for neural networks much easier. Let's see how it works.

Exercise 2.05: Binary Classification Using Keras

In this exercise, we will implement a very simple binary classifier with a single neuron using the Keras API. We will use the same data.csv file that we used in Exercise 2.02, Perceptron as a Binary Classifier:

Note

The dataset can be downloaded from GitHub by accessing the following GitHub link: https://packt.live/2BVtxIf.

  1. Import the required libraries:
    import tensorflow as tf
    import pandas as pd
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    %matplotlib inline
    # Import Keras libraries
    from tensorflow.keras.models import...
 

Exploring the Optimizers and Hyperparameters of Neural Networks

Training a neural network to get good predictions requires tweaking a lot of hyperparameters such as optimizers, activation functions, the number of hidden layers, the number of neurons in each layer, the number of epochs, and the learning rate. Let's go through each of them one by one and discuss them in detail.

Gradient Descent Optimizers

In an earlier section titled Perceptron Training Process in TensorFlow, we briefly touched upon the gradient descent optimizer without going into the details of how it works. This is a good time to explore the gradient descent optimizer in a little more detail. We will provide an intuitive explanation without going into the mathematical details.

The gradient descent optimizer's function is to minimize the loss or error. To understand how gradient descent works, you can think of this analogy: imagine a person at the top of a hill who wants to reach the bottom...

 

Activity 2.01: Build a Multilayer Neural Network to Classify Sonar Signals

In this activity, we will use the Sonar dataset (https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Connectionist+Bench+(Sonar,+Mines+vs.+Rocks)), which has patterns obtained by bouncing sonar signals off a metal cylinder at various angles and under various conditions. You will build a neural network-based classifier to classify between sonar signals bounced off a metal cylinder (the Mine class), and those bounced off a roughly cylindrical rock (the Rock class). We recommend using the Keras API to make your code more readable and modular, which will allow you to experiment with different parameters easily:

Note

You can download the sonar dataset from this link https://packt.live/31Xtm9M.

  1. The first step is to understand the data so that you can figure out whether this is a binary classification problem or a multiclass classification problem.
  2. Once you understand the data and the type of classification that...
 

Summary

In this chapter, we started off by looking at biological neurons and then moved on to artificial neurons. We saw how neural networks work and took a practical approach to building single-layer and multilayer neural networks to solve supervised learning tasks. We looked at how a perceptron works, which is a single unit of a neural network, all the way to a deep neural network capable of performing multiclass classification. We saw how Keras makes it very easy to create deep neural networks with a minimal amount of code. Lastly, we looked at practical considerations to take into account when building a successful neural network, which involved important concepts such as gradient descent optimizers, overfitting, and dropout.

In the next chapter, we will go to the next level and build a more complicated neural network called a CNN, which is widely used in image recognition.

About the Authors
  • Mirza Rahim Baig

    Mirza Rahim Baig is an avid problem solver who uses deep learning and artificial intelligence to solve complex business problems. He has more than a decade of experience in creating value from data, harnessing the power of the latest in machine learning and AI with proficiency in using unstructured and structured data across areas like marketing, customer experience, catalog, supply chain, and other eCommerce sub-domains. Rahim is also a teacher - designing, creating, teaching data science for various learning platforms. He loves making the complex easy to understand. He is also the co-author of The Deep Learning Workshop, a hands-on guide to start your deep learning journey and build your own next-generation deep learning models.

    Browse publications by this author
  • Thomas V. Joseph

    Thomas V. Joseph is a data science practitioner, researcher, trainer, mentor, and writer with more than 19 years of experience. He has extensive experience in solving business problems using machine learning toolsets across multiple industry segments.

    Browse publications by this author
  • Nipun Sadvilkar

    Nipun Sadvilkar is a senior data scientist at US healthcare company leading a team of data scientists and subject matter expertise to design and build the clinical NLP engine to revamp medical coding workflows, enhance coder efficiency, and accelerate revenue cycle. He has experience of more than 3 years in building NLP solutions and web-based data science platforms in the area of healthcare, finance, media, and psychology. His interests lie at the intersection of machine learning and software engineering with a fair understanding of the business domain. He is a member of the regional and national python community. He is author of pySBD - an NLP open-source python library for sentence segmentation which is recognized by ExplosionAI (spaCy) and AllenAI (scispaCy) organizations.

    Browse publications by this author
  • Mohan Kumar Silaparasetty

    Mohan Kumar Silaparasetty is seasoned deep learning and AI professional. He is a graduate from IIT Kharagpur with more than 25 years of industry experience in a variety of roles. After having a successful corporate career, Mohan embarked on his entrepreneurial journey and is the co-founder and CEO of Trendwise Analytics. This company provides consulting and training in AI and deep learning. He is also the organizer of the Bangalore Artificial intelligence Meetup group with over 3500 members.

    Browse publications by this author
  • Anthony So

    Anthony So is a renowned leader in data science. He has extensive experience in solving complex business problems using advanced analytics and AI in different industries including financial services, media, and telecommunications. He is currently the chief data officer of one of the most innovative fintech start-ups. He is also the author of several best-selling books on data science, machine learning, and deep learning. He has won multiple prizes at several hackathon competitions, such as Unearthed, GovHack, and Pepper Money. Anthony holds two master's degrees, one in computer science and the other in data science and innovation.

    Browse publications by this author
The Deep Learning Workshop
Unlock this book and the full library FREE for 7 days
Start now