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Scala Test-Driven Development
Scala Test-Driven Development

Scala Test-Driven Development: Write clean scala code that works.

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Scala Test-Driven Development

Chapter 2. First Test-Driven Application

In this chapter, we will cover TDD fundamentals and practices in further detail. We had a brief taster of TDD in the first chapter. This chapter will delve into the more intricate details of TDD. From now on, the book will become more hands on rather than just a textual tome. To keep things simple and to maintain a logical flow, we will be building on the same problem throughout the book. In each chapter, we will add more requirements and make the problem more complicated.

The topics we will explore in this chapter are:

  • Testing frameworks
  • ScalaTest
  • Problem statement
  • IDE
  • Implementation

Testing frameworks

A testing framework is used for the automated testing of software. It is primarily a collection of postulations, perceptions, and observations which support automated testing of application code. Testing frameworks are not limited to just unit testing, they can very well be used for integration, smoke, and acceptance testing. There are two main frameworks for testing application code written in Scala: ScalaTest and Specs2. Both are equally easy to use and the choice of one over the other will depend on your testing approach. For example, ScalaTest uses the JUnit like testing structure, whereas the Specs2 test by itself is not prosaic but cleaves more closely to an immutability ideal.

ScalaTest is arguably more popular as it makes a transition from JUnit easier. For this reason, we will start with ScalaTest and in later chapters we will compare them both.

ScalaTest

ScalaTest has arguably become the most popular and widely used testing library for writing unit tests when programming in Scala. It is an excellent framework for writing meaningful tests that are not very verbose. The tests are readable. ScalaTest provides the flexibility of being able to write tests in various styles. This makes it a comprehensive framework for both BDD and TDD. We will be discussing BDD in more detail in later chapters.

ScalaTest also integrates very well with various third party frameworks such as JUnit, TestNG, Ant, Maven, SBT, ScalaCheck, JMock, EasyMock, Mockito, ScalaMock, Selenium, and so on. ScalaTest also integrates with IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, and IntelliJ.

A quick tutorial

Let's look at ScalaTest in a little more depth with the help of this quick tutorial. All the relevant documentation for ScalaTest is available on the official ScalaTest website: http://www.scalatest.org. There are some more third-party tutorials available freely on the...

Problem statements

The problem statement, which we will define in this chapter, will be used throughout the book. In forthcoming chapters, we will build on this problem statement. We will be looking at building a base conversion API. We will start with an initial base 10 (decimal) number to base 2 (binary) conversions and vice versa. Then, we will add more bases for conversion.

Let's write this down in gherkin language. Gherkin is a business readable, domain-specific language that lets you describe a software's behavior without detailing how that behavior is implemented.

Feature: decimal to binary conversion:

As a user, I want to convert a decimal number to a binary number:

Scenario 1:

  • Given I have a number A
  • When I convert this number to a binary number
  • Then, I get a binary equivalent B of the original decimal number

Scenario 2:

  • Given I have binary number X
  • When I convert this number to a decimal number
  • Then, I get a decimal equivalent Y of the original binary number

Scenario 3:

  • Given...

IDE

We will be using IntelliJ IDEA as the IDE for all of the examples and exercises from this point onwards. Eclipse can also be used with equal ease, and if that is your preference, then you can use that.

IDE gives us some advantages over writing out test and application code in a plain text editor, such as code completion, syntax checking, formatting, project management, and a visual representation of the test execution.

Note

Community edition of IntelliJ IDEA can be freely downloaded from: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/.

After installation, install the Scala plugin for IntelliJ. Navigate to Configure | Plugins, from the initial IntelliJ IDEA welcome screen, which will take you to the plugins dialog box. Here, you can search for already installed plugins or search for and install new plugins. If you are using IntelliJ version 15 or higher, then the Scala plugin will already be installed. After installation, IntelliJ will ask for a restart:

IDE

Plugin management screen...

Testing frameworks


A testing framework is used for the automated testing of software. It is primarily a collection of postulations, perceptions, and observations which support automated testing of application code. Testing frameworks are not limited to just unit testing, they can very well be used for integration, smoke, and acceptance testing. There are two main frameworks for testing application code written in Scala: ScalaTest and Specs2. Both are equally easy to use and the choice of one over the other will depend on your testing approach. For example, ScalaTest uses the JUnit like testing structure, whereas the Specs2 test by itself is not prosaic but cleaves more closely to an immutability ideal.

ScalaTest is arguably more popular as it makes a transition from JUnit easier. For this reason, we will start with ScalaTest and in later chapters we will compare them both.

ScalaTest


ScalaTest has arguably become the most popular and widely used testing library for writing unit tests when programming in Scala. It is an excellent framework for writing meaningful tests that are not very verbose. The tests are readable. ScalaTest provides the flexibility of being able to write tests in various styles. This makes it a comprehensive framework for both BDD and TDD. We will be discussing BDD in more detail in later chapters.

ScalaTest also integrates very well with various third party frameworks such as JUnit, TestNG, Ant, Maven, SBT, ScalaCheck, JMock, EasyMock, Mockito, ScalaMock, Selenium, and so on. ScalaTest also integrates with IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, and IntelliJ.

A quick tutorial

Let's look at ScalaTest in a little more depth with the help of this quick tutorial. All the relevant documentation for ScalaTest is available on the official ScalaTest website: http://www.scalatest.org. There are some more third-party tutorials available freely on the Internet...

Problem statements


The problem statement, which we will define in this chapter, will be used throughout the book. In forthcoming chapters, we will build on this problem statement. We will be looking at building a base conversion API. We will start with an initial base 10 (decimal) number to base 2 (binary) conversions and vice versa. Then, we will add more bases for conversion.

Let's write this down in gherkin language. Gherkin is a business readable, domain-specific language that lets you describe a software's behavior without detailing how that behavior is implemented.

Feature: decimal to binary conversion:

As a user, I want to convert a decimal number to a binary number:

Scenario 1:

  • Given I have a number A

  • When I convert this number to a binary number

  • Then, I get a binary equivalent B of the original decimal number

Scenario 2:

  • Given I have binary number X

  • When I convert this number to a decimal number

  • Then, I get a decimal equivalent Y of the original binary number

Scenario 3:

  • Given I have decimal...

IDE


We will be using IntelliJ IDEA as the IDE for all of the examples and exercises from this point onwards. Eclipse can also be used with equal ease, and if that is your preference, then you can use that.

IDE gives us some advantages over writing out test and application code in a plain text editor, such as code completion, syntax checking, formatting, project management, and a visual representation of the test execution.

Note

Community edition of IntelliJ IDEA can be freely downloaded from: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/.

After installation, install the Scala plugin for IntelliJ. Navigate to Configure | Plugins, from the initial IntelliJ IDEA welcome screen, which will take you to the plugins dialog box. Here, you can search for already installed plugins or search for and install new plugins. If you are using IntelliJ version 15 or higher, then the Scala plugin will already be installed. After installation, IntelliJ will ask for a restart:

Plugin management screen in IntelliJ

Project structure


We will need to define a project structure similar to the one we did in Chapter 1, Hello, TDD!. This time though, we have IntelliJ at our side, so we can use IntelliJ to create the structure for us. Follow these steps:

  1. From the welcome window for IntelliJ, select Create New Project.

  2. From the next dialog, select Scala from the left-hand margin and SBT from the right hand. Click on Next:

  3. In the next dialog box, enter the project and version. This includes the name of project and its location. Name the project BaseConversionAPI. It also asks for version information about Scala and SBT you are using. Leave other options as default for now. Click on Finish.

This will create a project structure similar to the one we had created in Chapter 1, Hello, TDD!. Now add ScalaTest as a dependency in build.sbt:

libraryDependencies += "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % "2.2.6" % "test"

IntelliJ will automatically trigger the SBT tasks to bring in the dependencies as soon as build.sbt is...

Write a failing test – RED


Time to put our programming hats on. We will start with the very first test. It is very important to understand the acceptance criteria before we make a start on the test. Our test will be documenting our understanding of the scenario.

In the normal course of events at this stage, if there are any questions about the scenario, they will need to be cleared up with end user or any representation of the end user.

Let's start with the first test. Create a Scala file DecimalBinarySpec.scala for the test under the com.packt package inside src/test/scala as given here:

package com.packt
import org.scalatest.FlatSpec 
class DecimalBinarySpec extends FlatSpec{
  "base conversion utility" should "convert a number 99 into a 
  binary number 1100011" in {
    var binary:Binary = BaseConversion.decimalToBinary(Decimal("99"))      
    assert(binary.number == "1100011")   
  } 
}    

While writing this test in your IDE, you will note that...

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Key benefits

  • Get a deep understanding of various testing concepts such as test-driven development (TDD) and BDD
  • Efficient usage of the built-in Scala features such as ScalaTest, specs2, and Scala check
  • Change your approach towards problem solving by thinking about the boundaries of the problem and its definition rather than focusing on the solution

Description

Test-driven development (TDD) produces high-quality applications in less time than is possible with traditional methods. Due to the systematic nature of TDD, the application is tested in individual units as well as cumulatively, right from the design stage, to ensure optimum performance and reduced debugging costs. This step-by-step guide shows you how to use the principles of TDD and built-in Scala testing modules to write clean and fully tested Scala code and give your workflow the change it needs to let you create better applications than ever before. After an introduction to TDD, you will learn the basics of ScalaTest, one of the most flexible and most popular testing tools around for Scala, by building your first fully test-driven application. Building on from that you will learn about the ScalaTest API and how to refactor code to produce high-quality applications. We’ll teach you the concepts of BDD (Behavior-driven development) and you’ll see how to add functional tests to the existing suite of tests. You’ll be introduced to the concepts of Mocks and Stubs and will learn to increase test coverage using properties. With a concluding chapter on miscellaneous tools, this book will enable you to write better quality code that is easily maintainable and watch your apps change for the better.

Who is this book for?

This book is for Scala developers who are looking to write better quality and easily maintainable code. No previous knowledge of TDD/BDD is required.

What you will learn

  • • Understand the basics of TDD and its significance
  • • Refactoring tests to build APIs in order to increase test coverage
  • • How to leverage the inbuilt Scala testing modules like ScalaTest, specs2 and Scala Check
  • • Writing test fixtures and apply the concepts of BDD
  • • How to divide tests to run at different points in continuous delivery cycle
  • • Benefits of refactoring and how it affects the final quality of code produced
  • • Understanding of SBT based build environment and how to use it to run tests
  • • The fundamentals of mocking and stubbing in Scala and how to use it efficiently
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Publication date : Oct 27, 2016
Length: 198 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464675
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Hello, TDD! Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. First Test-Driven Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Clean Code Using ScalaTest Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Refactor Mercilessly Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Another Level of Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Mock Objects and Stubs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Property-Based Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Scala TDD with Specs2 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Miscellaneous and Emerging Trends in Scala TDD Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 33.3%
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2 star 0%
1 star 33.3%
Vivek Kumar Jun 21, 2018
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Good Book to read for the beginners
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Bubba Dec 12, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This is a nice quick review of Scala testing. It left me a little short of detail. But there are other books on test I should probable read.
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Vencislav Buhlev Apr 12, 2019
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BEWARE this book is literally empty!It has 180 pages. Around 60% of it is useless screenshots, trivial code examples and documentation for the tools it mentions. The other 40% is text trying to explain common concepts, but without any depth, in very confusing way and without good examples.There is a piracy paragraph in the beginning of the book, but the funny thing is that there is nothing genuine to be copyrighted. Even more, it feels like the author has 'pirated' all of the book contents from wikipedia, internet blog posts and libraries websites. I also feel robbed, because this book costs 28 pounds(without delivery)! What a nonsense! Now that I have read it I want my money and time back!I am never buying a book from this publisher again.You have been warned!To the people who have left 5 start review - you are either paid or have never read a good book in your live. In any case you should not mislead other people to throw their time and money away.
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