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Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow
Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow

Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow: Teach language to machines using Python's deep learning library

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Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow

Understanding TensorFlow 2

In this chapter, you will get an in-depth understanding of TensorFlow. This is an open source distributed numerical computation framework, and it will be the main platform on which we will be implementing all our exercises. This chapter covers the following topics:

  • What is TensorFlow?
  • The building blocks of TensorFlow (for example, variables and operations)
  • Using Keras for building models
  • Implementing our first neural network

We will get started with TensorFlow by defining a simple calculation and trying to compute it using TensorFlow. After we complete this, we will investigate how TensorFlow executes this computation. This will help us to understand how the framework creates a computational graph to compute the outputs and execute this graph to obtain the desired outputs. Then we will dive into the details of how TensorFlow architecture operates by looking at how TensorFlow executes things, with the help of an analogy...

What is TensorFlow?

In Chapter 1, Introduction to Natural Language Processing, we briefly discussed what TensorFlow is. Now let’s take a closer look at it. TensorFlow is an open source, distributed numerical computation framework released by Google that is mainly intended to alleviate the painful details of implementing a neural network (for example, computing derivatives of the weights of the neural network). TensorFlow takes this a step further by providing efficient implementations of such numerical computations using Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), which is a parallel computational platform introduced by NVIDIA (for more information on CUDA, visit https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2012/09/10/what-is-cuda-2/). The Application Programming Interface (API) of TensorFlow at https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/all_symbols shows that TensorFlow provides thousands of operations that make our lives easier.

TensorFlow was not developed overnight. This is a result...

Inputs, variables, outputs, and operations

Now we are returning from our journey into TensorFlow 1 and stepping back to TensorFlow 2. Let’s proceed to the most common elements that comprise a TensorFlow 2 program. If you read any of the millions of TensorFlow clients available on the internet, the TensorFlow-related code all falls into one of these buckets:

  • Inputs: Data used to train and test our algorithms
  • Variables: Mutable tensors, mostly defining the parameters of our algorithms
  • Outputs: Immutable tensors storing both terminal and intermediate outputs
  • Operations: Various transformations for inputs to produce the desired outputs

In our earlier sigmoid example, we can find instances of all these categories. We list the respective TensorFlow elements and the notation used in the sigmoid example in Table 2.1:

TensorFlow element

Value from example client

...

Keras: The model building API of TensorFlow

Keras was developed as a separate library that provides high-level building blocks to build models conveniently. It was initially platform-agnostic and supported many softwares (for example, TensorFlow and Theano).

However, TensorFlow acquired Keras and now is an integral part of TensorFlow for building models effortlessly.

Keras’s primary focus is model building. For that, Keras provides several different APIs with varying degrees of flexibility and complexity. Choosing the right API for the job will require sound knowledge of the limitations of each API as well as experience. The APIs provided by Keras are:

  • Sequential API – The most easy-to-use API. In this API, you simply stack layers on top of each other to create a model.
  • Functional API – The functional API provides more flexibility by allowing you to define custom models that can have multiple input layers/multiple output layers.
  • ...

Implementing our first neural network

Great! Now that you’ve learned the architecture and foundations of TensorFlow, it’s high time that we move on and implement something slightly more complex. Let’s implement a neural network. Specifically, we will implement a fully connected neural network model (FCNN), which we discussed in Chapter 1, Introduction to Natural Language Processing.

One of the stepping stones to the introduction of neural networks is to implement a neural network that is able to classify digits. For this task, we will be using the famous MNIST dataset made available at http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/.

You might feel a bit skeptical regarding our using a computer vision task rather than an NLP task. However, vision tasks can be implemented with less preprocessing and are easy to understand.

As this is our first encounter with neural networks, we will see how to implement this model using Keras. Keras is the high-level submodule that...

Summary

In this chapter, you took your first steps to solving NLP tasks by understanding the primary underlying platform (TensorFlow) on which we will be implementing our algorithms. First, we discussed the underlying details of TensorFlow architecture. Next, we discussed the essential ingredients of a meaningful TensorFlow program. We got to know some new features in TensorFlow 2, such as the AutoGraph feature, in depth. We then discussed more exciting elements in TensorFlow such as data pipelines and various TensorFlow operations.

Specifically, we discussed the TensorFlow architecture by lining up the explanation with an example TensorFlow program; the sigmoid example. In this TensorFlow program, we used the AutoGraph feature to generate a TensorFlow graph; that is, using the tf.function() decorator over the function that performs the TensorFlow operations. Then, a GraphDef object was created representing the graph and sent to the distributed master. The distributed master...

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Key benefits

  • • Focuses on more efficient natural language processing using TensorFlow
  • • Covers NLP as a field in its own right to improve understanding for choosing TensorFlow tools and other deep learning approaches
  • • Provides choices for how to process and evaluate large unstructured text datasets
  • • Learn to apply the TensorFlow toolbox to specific tasks in the most interesting field in artificial intelligence

Description

Natural language processing (NLP) supplies the majority of data available to deep learning applications, while TensorFlow is the most important deep learning framework currently available. Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow brings TensorFlow and NLP together to give you invaluable tools to work with the immense volume of unstructured data in today’s data streams, and apply these tools to specific NLP tasks. Thushan Ganegedara starts by giving you a grounding in NLP and TensorFlow basics. You'll then learn how to use Word2vec, including advanced extensions, to create word embeddings that turn sequences of words into vectors accessible to deep learning algorithms. Chapters on classical deep learning algorithms, like convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN), demonstrate important NLP tasks as sentence classification and language generation. You will learn how to apply high-performance RNN models, like long short-term memory (LSTM) cells, to NLP tasks. You will also explore neural machine translation and implement a neural machine translator. After reading this book, you will gain an understanding of NLP and you'll have the skills to apply TensorFlow in deep learning NLP applications, and how to perform specific NLP tasks.

Who is this book for?

This book is for Python developers with a strong interest in deep learning, who want to learn how to leverage TensorFlow to simplify NLP tasks. Fundamental Python skills are assumed, as well as some knowledge of machine learning and undergraduate-level calculus and linear algebra. No previous natural language processing experience required, although some background in NLP or computational linguistics will be helpful.

What you will learn

  • • Core concepts of NLP and various approaches to natural language processing
  • • How to solve NLP tasks by applying TensorFlow functions to create neural networks
  • • Strategies to process large amounts of data into word representations that can be used by deep learning applications
  • • Techniques for performing sentence classification and language generation using CNNs and RNNs
  • • About employing state-of-the art advanced RNNs, like long short-term memory, to solve complex text generation tasks
  • • How to write automatic translation programs and implement an actual neural machine translator from scratch
  • • The trends and innovations that are paving the future in NLP
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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
Introduction to Natural Language Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding TensorFlow 2 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Word2vec – Learning Word Embeddings Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Word Vector Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sentence Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Recurrent Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding Long Short-Term Memory Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Applications of LSTM – Generating Text Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sequence-to-Sequence Learning – Neural Machine Translation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Transformers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Image Captioning with Transformers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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fatima fakih Sep 06, 2022
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I literally like this book and I am in love with this book I would suggest everyone just read because I have actually passed my exam because of this book thanks Amazon
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hawkinflight Aug 06, 2022
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I like that the book covers modern techniques such as Word2Vec, GloVe, ELMO, LSTMs, GRUs, NMT, and transformers/BERT architecture. The use-cases are interesting: 1)classifying sentences with CNNs 2)identifying named entities with RNNs 3)translation and chatbots using NMT and the attention mechanism 4)question and answer problem using transformers and BERT architecture 5)image captioning with transformers. I also like that the results are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively and that metrics are proposed. I look forward to working with the code accompanying the book to try out the transformers. Huge thanks to the author - great book, great resource!
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drei34 Mar 21, 2023
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This book is fantastic for a number of reasons, not just bc of tensorflow code. For example, I don't use tf much and mostly do pytorch but I found quite a few topics explained here better than in papers or in "textbooks". One example: why do LSTMs solve the vanishing gradient problem better than RNN models? This book has some math derivations on this, you will not find that even in more hardcore (Goodfellow, etc) type books. A GREAT book - read it even if you know the material or do pytorch, you might find something new just in the math/examples not the code.
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The media could not be loaded. Thank you so much Amazon for giving me this book and this helps me a lot to pass the exam I have fully gone through by this book and other books as well but this was the best❤️❤️
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Akshit shah Aug 10, 2022
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This book covers all the areas of classic NLP - Word2vec, Word Vectors, CNNs, RNNs, Sequence-to-Sequence Learning, and of course Transformers There is enough explanation and comments in the code for me to follow along without getting lost. also, the results are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively and metrics are proposed. I look forward to working with the code accompanying the book to try out the transformers. Huge thanks to the author - great book, great resource!
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