MySQL 8 for Big Data

Social media content is information, and so are engagements such as views, likes, demographics, shares, follows, unique visitors, comments, and downloads. So, in regards to social media and Big Data, they are interrelated. At the end of the day, what matters is how your social media-related efforts contribute to business.

One notable example of Big Data possibilities on Facebook is providing insights about consumers lifestyles, search patterns, likes, demographics, purchasing habits, and so on. Facebook stores around 100PBs of data and piles up 500TB of data almost daily. Considering the number of subscribers and data collected, it is expected to be more than 60 zettabytes in the next three years. The more data you have, the more analysis you can have with sophisticated precision approaches for better Return on Investment (ROI). Information fetched from social media is also leveraged when targeting audiences for attractive and profitable ads.

Facebook has a service called Graph Search, which can help you do advanced searches with multiple criteria. For instance, you can search for people of male gender living in Ahmedabad who work with KNOWARTH Technologies. Google also helps you refine the search. Such searches and filters are not limited to these; it might also contain school, political views, age, and name. In the same way, you can also try for hotels, photos, songs, and more. So here, you have the business ROI of the Facebook company, which provides Facebook ad services which can be based on specific criteria such as regions, interests, or other specific features of user data. Google also provides a similar platform called Google AdWords.

The era of Big Data has been playing a significant role in politics too; political parties have been using various sources of data to target voters and better their election campaigns. Big Data analytics also made a significant contribution to the 2012 re-election of Barack Obama by enhancing engagement and speaking about the precise things that were significant for voters.

Narendra Modi is considered one of the most technology and social media-savvy politicians in the world! He has almost 500 million views on Google+, 30 million followers on Twitter, and 35 million likes on Facebook! Narendra Modi belongs to the Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP); Big Data analysis carried major responsibility for the BJP party and its associates for their successful Indian General Election in 2014, using open source tools that helped them get in direct touch with their voters. BJP reached their fluctuating voters and negative voters too, as they kept monitoring social media conversations and accordingly sent messages and used tactics to improve their vision for the election campaign.

Narendra Modi made a statement about prioritizing toilets before temples seven months earlier, after which the digital team closely monitored social media conversations around this. It was noticed that at least 50% of users were in line with the statement. This was when the opportunity to win the hearts of voters was converted to the mission of Swacch Bharat, which means hygienic India. The results were astonishing; BJP party support rose to around 30% in merely 50 hours.

Did you know that with the help of Big Data, human genome decoding, which actually took 10 years to process, is now decoded in hardly a day, and there is almost a 100 times reduction in cost predicted by Moore's Law? Back in the year 2000, when the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) started gathering astronomical data, it was with a rate of around 200 GB per night, which, at that time, was much higher than the data collected in astronomy history.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) uses Big Data extensively considering the huge amount of science and research done. NASA gathers data from across the solar system to reveal unknown information about the universe; its massive collection of data is a prominent asset for science and research, and has been a benefit to humankind in diverse ways. The way NASA fetches data, stores it, and uses it in effective ways is enormous. There are so many use cases of NASA that it would be difficult to elaborate here!

One of the leading energy management companies that helps improve energy consumption with the help of Big Data predictive analysis, which helps build stronger relationships and retaining of customers. This company connects with more than 150 utilities and serves more than 35 million household customers to improve energy usage and reduce costs and carbon emissions. It also provides analytical reports to utility providers, from more than 10 million data points each day, for a holistic overview of usage for analysis. Household customers get these reports in invoices, which provide areas where energy usage can be reduced and directly helps consumers optimize energy costs.

When it comes to security, fraud detection, or compliance, then Big Data is your soulmate, and precisely if your soulmate helps you in identifying and preventing issues before they strike, then it becomes a sweet spot for business. Most of the time, fraud detection happens a long time after the fraud has happened, when you might have already been damaged. The next steps would be obviously to minimize the impact and improve areas that could help you prevent this from being repeated.

Many companies who are into any type of transaction processing or claims are using fraud detection techniques extensively. Big Data platforms help them analyze transactions, claims, and so on in real-time, along with trends or anomalous behavior to prevent fraudulent activities.

The National Security Agency (NSA) also does Big Data analytics to foil terrorist plans. With the help of advanced Big Data fraudulent techniques, many security agencies use Big Data tools to predict criminal activity, credit card fraud, catch criminals, and prevent cyber attacks, among others. Day by day, as security, compliance, and fraud change their patterns, accordingly security agencies and fraud transaction techniques are becoming richer to keep a step ahead for such unwanted scenarios.

Nowadays, a wrist-based health tracker is a very common thing; however, with the help of Big Data, it not only shows your personal dashboard or changes over time, but also gives you relevant suggestions based on the medical data it collects to improve your diet, and analytic facts about people like you. So, from simple wrist-based health trackers, there are a lot of signs that can improve the healthcare of a patient. Companies providing these kinds of services also analyze how health is impacted by analyzing trends. Gradually, such wearables are also being used in Critical Care Units to quickly analyze the trend of doctors' immediate remediations.

By leveraging data accumulated from government agencies, social services files, accident reports, and clinical data, hospitals can help evaluate healthcare needs. Geographical statistics based on numerous factors, from population growth and disease rate to enhancing the quality of human life, are compared to determine the availability of medical services, ambulances, emergency services, pandemic plans, and other relevant health services. This can unbox probable environmental hazards, health risks, and trends that are being done by few agencies on a regular basis to forecast flu epidemics.

Netflix has millions of subscribers; it uses Big Data and analytics about a subscriber's habits based on age, gender, and geographical location to customize, which has proven to generate more business as per its expectations.

Amazon, back in 2011, started awarding $5 to its customers who use the Amazon Price Check Mobile App--scanning products in the store, grab a picture, and searching to find the lowest prices. It also had a feature to submit the in-store price for the products. It was then Big Data's role to have all the information on products could can be compared with Amazon products for price comparison and customer trends, and accordingly plan marketing campaigns and offers based on valuable data that was collected to dominate a rapidly developing e-commerce competitive market.

McDonalds has more than 35,000 local restaurants that cater to around 75 million customers in more than 120 countries. It uses Big Data to gain insights to improve customer experience and offers McDonalds key factors such as menu, queue timings, order size, and the pattern of orders by customers, which helps them optimize the effectiveness of their operations and customization based on geographical locations for lucrative business.

There are many real-world Big Data use cases that have changed humanity, technology, predictions, health, science and research, law and order, sports, customer experience, power and energy, financial trading, robotics, and many more fields. Big Data is an integral part of our daily routine, which is not evident all the time, but yes, it plays a significant role in the back to what we do in many ways. It's time to start looking in detail at how the life cycle of Big Data is structured, which would give an inside story of many areas that play a significant role in getting data to a place that might be used for processing.

Volume refers to the vast amount of data generated and stored every second. The size of data in enterprises is not in terabytes--it does an accrual of zettabytes or brontobytes. New Big Data tools are now generally using distributed systems that might be sometimes diversified across the world.

The amount of data generated across the globe by year 2008 is expected to be generated in just a minute by year 2020.

Variety refers to several types and natures of data such as click streams, text, sensors, images, voice, video, log files, social media conversations, and more. This helps people who scrutinize it to effectively use it for insights.

70% of the data in the world is unstructured such as text, images, voice, and so on. However, earlier structured data was popular for being analyzed, as it fits in files, databases, or such traditional data storing procedures.

Velocity refers to the speed of the data generated, ingested, and processed to meet the demands and challenges that exist in the pathway towards evolution and expansion.

New age communication channels such as social media, emails, and mobiles have added velocity to the data in Big Data. To scrutinize around 1TB of trading event information every day for fraud detection is a time sensitive process, where sometimes every minute matters to prevent fraud. Just think of social media conversations going viral in a matter of seconds; analysis helps us get trends on such platforms.

Veracity refers to the inconsistency of data that can be found; it can affect the way data is being managed and handled effectively. Managing such data and making it valuable is where Big Data can help.

Quality and accuracy has been a major challenge when we talk about Big Data, as that's what it's all about. The amount of Twitter feeds is an appropriate use case where hashtags, typos, informal text, and abbreviations abound; however, we daily come across scenarios where Big Data does its work in the backend and lets us work with this type of data.

The effective use of Big Data with exponential growth in data types and data volumes has the potential to transform economies useful business and marketing information and customer surplus. Big Data has become a key success mantra for current competitive markets for existing companies, and a game changer for new companies in the competition. This all can be proven true if VALUE FROM DATA is leveraged. Let's look at the following figure:

As this figure explains, the Big Data life cycle can be divided into four stages. Let's study them in detail.

Data in a relational database is stored in an organized format so that information can be retrieved easily. Data will be stored in different tables made up of rows and columns. However, the relationship also can be built between different tables that efficiently store huge data and effectively retrieve the selected data. This provides database operations with tremendous speed and flexibility.

As a relational database, MySQL has capabilities to establish relationships with different tables such as one to many, many to one, and one to one by providing primary keys, foreign keys, and indexes. We can also perform joins between tables to retrieve exact information like inner joins and outer joins.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used as an interface to interact with the relational data in MySQL. SQL is an ANSI (American National Standard Institute) standard language which we can operate with data like creation, deletion, updating, and retrieval.

Many industries prefer open source technology for their flexibility and cost-saving features, while MySQL has put its footprint in the market by becoming the most popular relational database for web applications. Open source means that you can view the source of MySQL and customize it based on your needs without any cost. You can download the source or binary files from its site and use them accordingly.

The MySQL server is covered under the GNU (General Public License), which means that we can freely use it for web applications, study its source code, and modify accordingly. It also has the enterprise edition as well with advanced features included. Many enterprises purchase enterprise support from MySQL to get assistance on various issues.

MySQL has great reliability to perform well without requiring extensive troubleshooting due to bottlenecks or other slowdowns. It also incorporates a number of performance-enhanced mechanisms such as index support, load utilities, and memory caches. MySQL uses InnoDB as a storage engine, which provides highly efficient ACID-compliant transactional capabilities that assure high performance and scalability. To handle the rapidly growing database, MySQL Replication and cluster helps scale out the database.

MySQL has great cross-platform availability that makes it more popular. It is flexible to run on major platforms such as RedHat, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, and Apple macOS. It also provides Application Programming Interface (APIs) to interconnect with various programming languages such as C, C++, C#, PHP, Java, Ruby, Python, and Perl.

Here is a list of major releases of MySQL so far:

Now it's time for the major version release--MySQL 8--which was announced on 12th September, 2016 and is still in the development milestone mode. Let's see what's new in this latest release.

Up until the previous version, the MySQL data dictionary was stored in different metadata files and non-transactional tables, but from this version, it will have a transactional data dictionary to store the information about the database. No more .frm, .trg, or .par files. All information will be stored in the database, which removes the cost of performing heavy file operations. There were numerous issues with filesystem metadata storage like the vulnerability of the filesystem, exorbitant file operations, difficult to handle crash recovery failures, or replication; it was also difficult to add new feature-related metadata. Now this upgrade has made it simple by storing information in a centralized manner, and will have improved performance as this data dictionary object can be cached in memory, similar to other database objects.

This data dictionary will have data that is needed for SQL query execution such as catalog information, character sets, collations, column types, indexes, database information, tables, store procedures, functions and triggers, and so on.

In MySQL 8, the privileges module has been improved by introducing roles, which means a collection of permissions. Now we can create roles with a number of privileges and assign to multiple users.

The problem with the previous version was that we were not able to define generic permissions for a group of users and each user has individual privileges. Suppose if there are 1,000 users already existing that have common privileges, and you want to remove the write permissions for all of these 1,000 users, what would you have done in the previous version? You would take the lengthy approach of updating each and every user, right? Arrgh... that's a time-consuming task.

Now with MySQL 8, it is easy to update any change in privileges. Roles will define all the required privileges and this role will be assigned to those 1,000 users. We just need to make any privilege changes in the role and all users will automatically inherit the respective privileges.

Roles can be created, deleted, grant or revoked permission, granted or revoked from the user account, and can specify the default role within the current session.

MySQL 8 has changed the auto-increment counter value store mechanism. Previously, it was stored in the memory, which was quite difficult to manage during server restarts or server crashes. However, now the auto-increment counter value is written into the redo log whenever the value gets changed and, on each checkpoint, it will be saved in the system table, which makes it persistent across the server restart.

With the previous version, updating the auto-increment value may have caused duplicate entry errors. Suppose if you updated the value of auto-increment in the middle of the sequence with a larger than the current maximum value, then but subsequent insert operations could not identify the unused values, which could cause a duplicate entry issue. This has been prevented by persisting the auto-increment value, hence subsequent insert operations can get the new value and allocate it properly.

If server restart happened, the auto-increment value was lost with the previous version as it was stored in memory and InnoDB needed to execute a query to find out the maximum used value. This has been changed, as the newer version has the capability to persist its value across the server restart. During the server restart, InnoDB initializes the counter value in memory using the maximum value stored in the data dictionary table. In case of server crashes, InnoDB initializes the auto-increment counter value that is bigger than the data dictionary table and the redo log.

MySQL 8 provides you with a feature to make indexes invisible. These kind of indexes cannot be used by the optimizer. In case you want to test the query performance without indexes, using this feature you can do so by making them invisible rather than dropping and re-adding an index. This is a pretty handy feature when indexing is supposed to be dropped and recreated on huge datasets.

All indexes are visible by default. To make them invisible or visible, INVISIBLE and VISIBLE keywords are used respectively, as described in the following code snippet:

ALTER TABLE table1 ALTER INDEX ix_table1_col1 INVISIBLE;
ALTER TABLE table1 ALTER INDEX ix_table1_col1 VISIBLE;

Descending indexes existed in version 5.7 too, but they were scanned in reverse order, which caused performance barriers. To improve performance, MySQL 8 has optimized this and scanned descending indexes in forward order, which has drastically improved performance. It also brings multiple column indexes for the optimizer when the most efficient scan order has ascending order for some columns, and descending order for other columns.

Server variables can be configured globally and dynamically while the server is running. There are numerous system variables that we can set using SET GLOBAL:

SET GLOBAL max_connections = 1000;

However, such settings will be lost after server restart. To avoid this, MySQL 8 has introduced the SET PERSIST variant, which preserves variables across a server restart:

SET PERSIST max_connections = 1000;

Until the previous version, it supported only one coordinate system, a unitless 2D place that was not referenced to a position on earth. Now MySQL 8 has added support for a Spatial Reference System (SRS) with geo-referenced ellipsoids and 2D projections. SRS helps assign coordinates to a location and establishes relationships between sets of such coordinates. This spatial data can be managed in data dictionary storage as the ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS table.

The default character set has been changed from latin1 to UTF8. UTF8 is the dominating character set, though it hadn't been a default one in prior versions of MySQL. Along with the character set default, collation has been changed from latin1_swedish_ci to utf8mb4_800_ci_ai. With these changes globally accepted, character sets and collations are now based on UTF8; one of the common reasons is because there are around 21 different languages supported by UTF8, which makes systems provide multilingual support.

In MySQL 5.7, bit-wise operations and functions were working for BigInt (64-bit integer) data types only. We needed to pass BIGINT as an argument and it would return the result as BIGINT. In short, it had maximum range up to 64 bits to perform operations. A user needs to do conversion to the BIGINT data type in case they want to perform it on other data types. This typecasting was not feasible for data types larger than 64 bits as it would truncate the actual value, which resulted in inaccuracy of data.

MySQL 8 has improved bit-wise operations by enabling support for other binary data types such as Binary, VarBinary, and BLOB. This makes it possible to perform bit-wise operations on larger than 64-bit data. No more typecasting needed! This allows the taking of arguments and returning results larger than 64 bits.

Multiple get operations are now possible with the InnoDB Memcached plugin, which will really help in improving the read performance. Now, multiple key value pairs can be fetched in a single Memcached query. Frequent communication traffic has also been minimized as we can get multiple data in a single shot. We will be referring the Memcached plugin in detail in Chapter 4, Using Memcached with MySQL 8.

Range queries are also supported by the InnoDB Memcached plugin. It simplifies range searches by specifying a particular range and retrieves values within this range.

When rows are locked by other transactions that you are trying to access, then you need to wait for that transaction to release the lock on the same row so that you can access it accordingly. To avoid waiting for the other transaction, InnoDB has added support of the NOWAIT and SKIP LOCKED options. NOWAIT will return immediately with an error in case the requested row is locked rather than going into the waiting mode, and SKIP LOCKED will skip the locked row and never wait to acquire the row lock. Hence, SKIP LOCKED will not consider the locked row in the resulting set:

SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id = 5 FOR UPDATE NOWAIT;
SELECT * FROM table1 FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED;

The first thing that comes to mind is securing data, because nowadays data has become precious and can impact business continuity if legal obligations are not met; in fact, it can be so bad that it can close down your business in no time. MySQL is the most secure and reliable database management system used by many well-known enterprises such as Facebook, Twitter, and Wikipedia. It really provides a good security layer that protects sensitive information from intruders. MySQL gives access control management so that granting and revoking required access from the user is easy. Roles can also be defined with a list of permissions that can be granted or revoked for the user. All user passwords are stored in an encrypted format using plugin-specific algorithms.

Day by day, the mountain of data is growing because of extensive use of technology in numerous ways. Due to this, load average is going through the roof. For some cases, it is unpredictable that data cannot exceed up to some limit or number of users will not go out of bounds. Scalable databases would be a preferable solution so that, at any point, we can meet unexpected demands to scale. MySQL is a rewarding database system for its scalability, which can scale horizontally and vertically; in terms of data and load of application queries across multiple MySQL servers is quite feasible. It is pretty easy to add horsepower to the MySQL cluster to handle the load.

MySQL is an open source database management system that makes debugging, upgrading, and enhancing the functionality fast and easy. You can view the source and make the changes accordingly and use it in your own way. You can also distribute an extended version of MySQL but it requires a license for this.

MySQL gives high speed transaction processing with optimal speed. It can cache the results, which boosts read performance. Replication and clustering enables for better concurrency and manages the workload. Database indexes also accelerate the performance of SELECT query statements for large amounts of data. To enhance performance, MySQL 8 has included indexes in performance schema to speed up data retrieval.

Today, in the world of competitive marketing, an organization's key point is to have their system up and running. Any failure or downtime directly impacts business and revenue; hence, high availability is a factor that cannot be overlooked. MySQL is quite reliable and has constant availability using cluster and replication configurations. Cluster servers instantly handle failures and manage the failover part to keep your system available almost all the time. If one server gets down, it will redirect the user's request to another node and perform the requested operation.

MySQL provides cross-platform flexibility that can run on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, Solaris, OS 2, and so on. It has great API support for the all major languages, which makes it very easy to integrate with languages like PHP, C++, Perl, Python, Java, and so on. It is also part of the LAMP (Linux Apache MySQL PHP) server that is used worldwide for web applications.

It's now time to get our hands dirty and take a look at MySQL 8; let's start with the installation of MySQL 8 on a Linux platform in our case. We prefer MySQL 8 on a Linux operating system as that has been a common use case across many organizations. You are able to use it on other platforms that MySQL supports, such as Windows, Solaris, HP-UNIX, and so on. Linux provides various ways to install the MySQL server, as follows:

We will install MySQL 8 with an RPM-based Linux distribution provided by Oracle; however, you can choose either of the approaches mentioned here. Let's see how to obtain and install it using the RPM package.

Download the RPM package of the MySQL Community Server from its download page (https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/8.0.html). There are various variants available based on the operating system and its architecture version. It comes with different packages that can be described by the package name. The following syntax is followed by the package name:

packageName-version-distribution-archType.rpm

Package Name: Name of the package, like myql-community-server,mysql-community-client,mysql-community-libs

Version: Describes the version-particular package

Distribution: This says the package is intended for which Linux distribution based on its abbreviation

Arch Type: Describes the processor type for which the package was built, like x86_64, i686, and so on

Once you have the RPM packages, just install it using the following command. This will place the required files and folder under the system directories:

rpm -vih <package-name>.rpm

For the standard installation, it requires only mysql-community-common,mysql-community-libs,mysql-community-client, and mysql-community-server packages. Look at the following screenshot for the installation process:

After the successful installation, just check its version to validate if it's installed properly and can be accessible:

The next step is to reset the temporary password during post-installation. MySQL will restrict you to use the database before changing this temporary password. A temporary password will be generated by MySQL and available in its log file. To retrieve a temporary password, you need to open the /var/log/mysql/mysqld.log file and search for the temporary password keyword.

Copy this and try to connect to MySQL with the following command:

As shown in the preceding screenshot, you will land on a MySQL command prompt, where you can execute the following query to reset the password:

ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '<NEW_PASSWORD>';

Let's look at a few MySQL basic commands:

service mysqld start

service mysqld stop

service mysqld status

With the volume and velocity of data, it becomes difficult to transfer data in MySQL with optimal performance. To avoid this, Oracle has developed the NoSQL API to store data in the InnoDB storage engine. This will not do any kind of SQL parsing and optimization, hence, key/value data can be directly written to the MySQL tables with high speed transaction responses without sacrificing ACID guarantees. The MySQL cluster also supports different NoSQL APIs for Node.js, Java, JPA, HTTP/REST, and C++. We will explore this in detail later in the book, however, we need to keep in mind that using the NoSQL API, we can enable the faster processing of data and transactions in MySQL.

The next step is to organize data in the Hadoop filesystem once the data has been acquired and loaded to MySQL. Big Data requires some processing to produce analysis results where Hadoop is used to perform highly parallel processing. Hadoop is also a highly scalable distributed framework and is powerful in terms of computation. Here, the data is consolidated from different sources to process the analysis. To transfer the data between MySQL tables to HDFS, Apache Sqoop will be leveraged.

Now it's time for analyzing data! This is the phase where MySQL data will be processed using the map reduce algorithm of Hadoop. We can use other analysis tools such as Apache Hive or Apache Pig to do similar analytical results. We can also perform custom analysis that can be executed on Hadoop, which returns the results set with the data analyzed and processed.

The results that were analyzed from our previous phases are loaded back into MySQL, which can be done with the help of Apache Sqoop. Now MySQL has the analysis result that can be consumed by business intelligence tools such as Oracle BI Solution, Jasper Soft, Talend, and so on or other traditional ways using web applications that can generate various analytical reports and, if required, do real-time processing.

This is how MySQL fits easily into a Big Data solution. This architecture makes structured databases handle the Big Data analysis. To understand how to achieve this, refer to Chapter 9

Case study: Part I - Apache Sqoop for Exchanging Data between MySQL and Hadoop, and Chapter 10, Case study: Part II - Realtime event processing using MySQL applier, which cover a couple of real-world use cases where we discuss using MySQL 8 extensively and solving business problems to generate value from data.