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Home > Web Development > Web Programming > Mastering JavaScript Promises
Mastering JavaScript Promises
Mastering JavaScript Promises

Mastering JavaScript Promises:

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Mastering JavaScript Promises

Chapter 2. The JavaScript Asynchronous Model

In this chapter, we will look at the model behind asynchronous programming, why it was needed, and how it is implemented in JavaScript.

We will also learn what a programming model is and its significance, starting from a simple programming model to a synchronous model to an asynchronous model. Since our prime focus is on JavaScript, which employs an asynchronous programming model, we will discuss it in more detail than the rest of the models.

Let's start with what models are and their significance.

Models are basically templates upon which the logics are designed and fabricated within a compiler/interpreter of a programming language so that software engineers can use these logics in writing their software logically. Every programming language we use is designed on a particular programming model. Since software engineers are asked to solve a particular problem or to automate any particular service, they adopt programming languages...

Programming models

Ideally, we will focus on three major programming models, which are as follows:

  • The first one is a single-threaded synchronous model
  • The second one a is multithreaded model
  • The third one is an asynchronous programming model

Since JavaScript employs an asynchronous model, we will discuss it in greater detail. However, let's start by explaining what these programming models are and how they facilitate their end users.

The single-threaded synchronous model

The single-threaded synchronous model is a simple programming model or single-threaded synchronous programming model, in which one task follows the other. If there is a queue of tasks, the first task is given first priority, and so on and so forth. It's the simplest way of getting things done, as shown in the following diagram:

The single-threaded synchronous model

The single-threaded synchronous programming model is one of the best examples of a Queue data structure, which follows the First In First Out (FIFO) rule. This model assumes that if Task 2 is...

Learning the JavaScript asynchronous model

Keeping this knowledge in mind, if we see what the JavaScript asynchronous model is, we can now clearly relate to an asynchronous model in JavaScript and understand how it's implemented.

In non-web languages, most of the code we write is synchronous, that is, blocking. JavaScript does its stuff in a different way.

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. We already know what single threaded actually means for the sake of simplicity—two bits of the same script cannot run at the same time. In browsers, JavaScript shares a thread with loads of other processes inline. These "inline processes" can be different from one browser to another, but typically, JavaScript (JS) is in the same queue as painting, updating styles, and handling user actions (an activity in one of these processes delays the others).

As in the image beneath, whenever the asynchronous (non-blocking) script executes in a browser, it goes from top to bottom in an...

The mechanism of a callback function in JavaScript

The question here is, how on earth does a callback function work?

As we know that functions are like first class objects in JS, we can pass them around in a similar way to variables and return them as functions and use them in other functions.

When we pass a callback function as arguments to another function, we are only passing the function definition. We aren't executing functions in parameters. We are also not passing the function with the trailing pair of executing parenthesis (), as we would when we are executing a function.

Since the containing function has the callback function in its parameter as a function definition, it can execute the callback at any time.

It is important to note that the callback function is not executed immediately. It is "called back" and can still be accessed later via the arguments object by the containing function.

Basic rules to implement callbacks

There are some basic rules that you need to keep...

The events

Events are signals that are generated when a specific action takes place. JavaScript is aware of such signals and responds accordingly.

Events are messages fired in a constant stream as the user works along. Events are normally based on user actions, and if programmed well, they act upon as directed. Any event is useless if it doesn't have a handler that works to handle events.

Since JavaScript provides a handsome control to programmers/engineers, it's their ability to handle events, monitor, and respond to them. The more capable you are at handling events, the more interactive your application will be.

The mechanism of event handling

There are two conventional ways to implement events in JavaScript. The first one is via HTML using attributes and second is via script.

To make your application respond to a user's action, you need to do the following:

  1. Decide which event should be monitored.
  2. Set up event handlers that trigger functions when an event occurs.
  3. Write the functions...

The publisher/subscriber

Events are yet another solution to communicate when asynchronous callbacks finish execution. An object can become emitter and publish events that other objects can listen to. This is one of the finest examples of the observer pattern.

The nature of this method is similar to "event listener", but much better than the latter because we can view the "message center" in order to find out how much signal is present and the number of subscribers for each signal, which runs the monitoring program.

A brief account of the observer pattern

The observer provides very loose coupling between objects. This provides the ability to broadcast changes to those who are listening to it. This broadcast may be for the single observer or a group of observers who are waiting to listen. The subject maintains a list of observers to whom it has to broadcast the updates. The subject also provides an interface for objects to register themselves. If they are not in the list...

Programming models

Ideally, we will focus on three major programming models, which are as follows:

  • The first one is a single-threaded synchronous model

  • The second one a is multithreaded model

  • The third one is an asynchronous programming model

Since JavaScript employs an asynchronous model, we will discuss it in greater detail. However, let's start by explaining what these programming models are and how they facilitate their end users.

The single-threaded synchronous model

The single-threaded synchronous model is a simple programming model or single-threaded synchronous programming model, in which one task follows the other. If there is a queue of tasks, the first task is given first priority, and so on and so forth. It's the simplest way of getting things done, as shown in the following diagram:

The single-threaded synchronous programming model is one of the best examples of a Queue data structure, which follows the First In First Out (FIFO) rule. This model assumes that if Task 2 is being executed...

Learning the JavaScript asynchronous model

Keeping this knowledge in mind, if we see what the JavaScript asynchronous model is, we can now clearly relate to an asynchronous model in JavaScript and understand how it's implemented.

In non-web languages, most of the code we write is synchronous, that is, blocking. JavaScript does its stuff in a different way.

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. We already know what single threaded actually means for the sake of simplicity—two bits of the same script cannot run at the same time. In browsers, JavaScript shares a thread with loads of other processes inline. These "inline processes" can be different from one browser to another, but typically, JavaScript (JS) is in the same queue as painting, updating styles, and handling user actions (an activity in one of these processes delays the others).

As in the image beneath, whenever the asynchronous (non-blocking) script executes in a browser, it goes from top to bottom in an execution pattern. Starting...

The mechanism of a callback function in JavaScript

The question here is, how on earth does a callback function work?

As we know that functions are like first class objects in JS, we can pass them around in a similar way to variables and return them as functions and use them in other functions.

When we pass a callback function as arguments to another function, we are only passing the function definition. We aren't executing functions in parameters. We are also not passing the function with the trailing pair of executing parenthesis (), as we would when we are executing a function.

Since the containing function has the callback function in its parameter as a function definition, it can execute the callback at any time.

It is important to note that the callback function is not executed immediately. It is "called back" and can still be accessed later via the arguments object by the containing function.

Basic rules to implement callbacks

There are some basic rules that you need to keep in mind while...

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Description

This book is for all the software and web engineers wanting to apply the promises paradigm to their next project and get the best outcome from it. This book also acts as a reference for the engineers who are already using promises in their projects and want to improve their current knowledge to reach the next level. To get the most benefit from this book, you should know basic programming concepts, have a familiarity with JavaScript, and a good understanding of HTML.

What you will learn

  • Get a complete overview of the promises paradigm and its advantages Discover the programming models that are used to build JavaScript Execute the asynchronous programming model in JavaScript and understand its usefulness in modern web development Employ promises in JavaScript to boost your project performance Apply the best practices of promises in JavaScript to your platform of choice Manage your JavaScript code in a more professional and maintainable manner Utilize promises effectively and efficiently in different domains and disciplines of software engineering Implement promises in WinRT, Node.js, jQuery, and Angular.js
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jul 24, 2015
Length: 188 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783985500
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
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Concepts :
Web Programming

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Length: 188 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783985500
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Web Programming

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Promises.js Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Promises.js
The fall and rise of JavaScript
Google's contributions to JavaScript
Where Promises.js came in?
What is a promise?
Why do we need promise in JS?
Software prerequisites
Future, promise, and delay
States of a promise
How do we keep Promises.js in this book?
Browser compatibility
Summary
2. The JavaScript Asynchronous Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. The JavaScript Asynchronous Model
Programming models
Learning the JavaScript asynchronous model
The mechanism of a callback function in JavaScript
The events
The publisher/subscriber
The promises object
Summing up – the asynchronous programing model
Summary
3. The Promise Paradigm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. The Promise Paradigm
Callback, revisited
Promise
Deferred
How do promise and deferred relate to each other?
Standard behaviors of the Promise API
Interactive promises
The states and return values of a promise
Common sequencing patterns
Decoupling events and applications logic
What promises prescribed not to do
Promises and exceptions
Best practices to handle exceptions in promise
Considerations while choosing a promise
Summary
4. Implementing Promises Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Implementing Promises
How to implement promises
Implementations in Java
Say hello to JDeferred
Mechanics of JDeferred
Ultimate JDeferred
Summary
5. Promises in WinRT Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Promises in WinRT
An introduction to WinRT
The evolution of WinRT
A little detail about WinJS
WinJS – its purpose and a distribution history
HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript
WT with HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript
The need for integrating promise with WT
Problems when using asynchronous programming
Jumpstarting promises
Writing a function that returns a promise
Error handling
Chaining promises using the then() and done() functions
Summary
6. Promises in Node.js Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Promises in Node.js
The V8 engine – the mechanics
The V8 engine in Google Chrome
The evolution of Node.js
A brief introduction to Node.js
Download and install Node.js
Node Package Manager – NPM
Choice of environment
Setting up the environment for Node.js
A simple node server
Things we learned so far
Node.js with the Q library
Moving ahead with Q
Propagation in Q
Chaining and nesting promises
Sequences in Q
Combination in Q
How to handle errors in Q in Node.js
Making progress with promises
Getting to the end of a chain of promises
Callback-based promises versus Q-based promises
Q.Promise() – another way to create promises
Static methods of Q
Promise as a proxy
Familiarizing Node.js – the Q way
Unbinds and its solution
Q support for tracing stacks
Making promise-based actions
Object handling promises
View revisited
Aborting a promise
Q utilities for Node.js
Summary
7. Promises in Angular.js Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Promises in Angular.js
The evolution of Angular.js
The structure of the Angular.js document
Getting started with Angular.js
Creating your first Angular.js file
How to use Angular.js on your local machine
What would be your preference for the server?
Key elements of Angular.js
Implementing promises in Angular.js
The schematics of using promises in Angular.js
Promise as a handle for callback
Blindly passing arguments and nested promises
Deferred objects or composed promises
Dealing with the nested calls
Concurrency in Angular.js
The combination of success and error
The safe approach
Route your promise
Summary
8. Promises in jQuery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Promises in jQuery
From where it started?
Behind the scenes – how does jQuery work?
Is your document ready to submit?
How to use jQuery
The syntax
Caching in jQuery
A sample example
JavaScript before and after jQuery
The solution – introducing promises in jQuery
Deferred in jQuery
$.Deferred().promise() in jQuery
Projecting a promise in jQuery
Joining promises with $.when
Your own $.Deferred process
The advent of promises in jQuery
Summary
9. JavaScript – The Future Is Now Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. JavaScript – The Future Is Now
ECMAScript 6 (ECMA 262)
harmony:generators
The MEAN stack
Real-time communication in JavaScript
Internet of Things
Computer animation and in 3D graphics
NoSQL databases
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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I recommend another book "JavaScript with Promises: Managing Asynchronous Code", which is much better than this one.
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I'm becoming increasingly disappointed with Packt books. Typos, inconsistent code formatting, code examples lack output printout. Moreover, the book ignores the wonderful promise library bluebird, and mentions that "the current node.js version is 0.10".I don't feel like this book has a significant value benefit over a few hours of using Google, StackOverflow, and bluebird documentation.
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About the author

Profile icon Hussain
Hussain
Muzzamil Hussain has been working in the field of computing/information technology for more than a decade now. During this period, he developed a wide range of software products and services for companies around the world. He completed his Digital Communications Networks course from the prestigious London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom. He is skilled in crafting software products and services with the best of technical and management skills, which he has acquired over the past 14 years. The best part of his wealth of experience is the dual skill sets of project management and software engineering, which is a paramount feature of his work. Muzzamil has worked with some of the big industries based in Pakistan, the UK, the USA, Canada, and UAE. These days, he is associated with Systems Limited, the first and one of the oldest software companies in Pakistan, in the capacity of senior project manager. He also provides consultancy to start-ups on the software development life cycle, project management, release engineering, and continuous integrations. He is also heavily involved in experimenting with the latest technologies such as the MEAN stack, an opinionated full-stack JavaScript framework, and Apache Hadoop for the distributed processing of large data sets. He blogs at http://muzzamil.net/.
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Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
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