Mastering C++ Programming

The following features are now removed in C++17:

Until the C++14 standard, the syntax supported for a nested namespace in C++ was as follows:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace org {
    namespace tektutor {
        namespace application {
             namespace internals {
                  int x;
             }
        }
    }
}

int main ( ) {
    org::tektutor::application::internals::x = 100;
    cout << "\nValue of x is " << org::tektutor::application::internals::x << endl;

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

Value of x is 100

Every namespace level starts and ends with curly brackets, which makes it difficult to use nested namespaces in large applications. C++17 nested namespace syntax is really cool; just take a look at the following code and you will readily agree with me:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace org::tektutor::application::internals {
    int x;
}

int main ( ) {
    org::tektutor::application::internals::x = 100;
    cout << "\nValue of x is " << org::tektutor::application::internals::x << endl;

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output remains the same as the previous program:

Value of x is 100

C++17 introduced new rules for auto-detection of the initializer list, which complements C++14 rules. The C++17 rule insists that the program is ill-formed if an explicit or partial specialization of std::initializer_list is declared:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <typename T1, typename T2>
class MyClass {
     private:
          T1 t1;
          T2 t2;
     public:
          MyClass( T1 t1 = T1(), T2 t2 = T2() ) { }

          void printSizeOfDataTypes() {
               cout << "\nSize of t1 is " << sizeof ( t1 ) << " bytes." << endl;
               cout << "\nSize of t2 is " << sizeof ( t2 ) << " bytes." << endl;
     }
};

int main ( ) {

    //Until C++14
    MyClass<int, double> obj1;
    obj1.printSizeOfDataTypes( );

    //New syntax in C++17
    MyClass obj2( 1, 10.56 );

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

Values in integer vectors are ...
1 2 3 4 5 

Values in double vectors are ...
1.5 2.5 3.5

The static_assert macro helps identify assert failures during compile time. This feature has been supported since C++11; however, the static_assert macro used to take a mandatory assertion failure message till, which is now made optional in C++17.

The following example demonstrates the use of static_assert with and without the message:

#include <iostream>
#include <type_traits>
using namespace std;

int main ( ) {

        const int x = 5, y = 5;

        static_assert ( 1 == 0, "Assertion failed" );
        static_assert ( 1 == 0 );
        static_assert ( x == y );

        return 0;
}

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

g++-7 staticassert.cpp -std=c++17
staticassert.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
staticassert.cpp:7:2: error: static assertion failed: Assertion failed
  static_assert ( 1 == 0, "Assertion failed" );

staticassert.cpp:8:2: error: static assertion failed
  static_assert ( 1 == 0 );

From the preceding output, you can see that the message, Assertion failed, appears as part of the compilation error, while in the second compilation the default compiler error message appears, as we didn't supply an assertion failure message. When there is no assertion failure, the assertion error message will not appear as demonstrated in static_assert ( x == y ).  This feature is inspired by the C++ community from the BOOST C++ library.

The std::invoke() method can be used to call functions, function pointers, and member pointers with the same syntax:

#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

void globalFunction( ) {
     cout << "globalFunction ..." << endl;
}

class MyClass {
    public:
        void memberFunction ( int data ) {
             std::cout << "\nMyClass memberFunction ..." << std::endl;
        }

        static void staticFunction ( int data ) {
             std::cout << "MyClass staticFunction ..." << std::endl;
        }
};

int main ( ) {

    MyClass obj;

    std::invoke ( &MyClass::memberFunction, obj, 100 );
    std::invoke ( &MyClass::staticFunction, 200 );
    std::invoke ( globalFunction );

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

MyClass memberFunction ...
MyClass staticFunction ...
globalFunction ...

The std::invoke( ) method is a template function that helps you seamlessly invoke callable objects, both built-in and user-defined.

You can now initialize multiple variables with a return value with a really cool syntax, as shown in the following code sample:

#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>
using namespace std;

int main ( ) {

    tuple<string,int> student("Sriram", 10);
auto [name, age] = student;

    cout << "\nName of the student is " << name << endl;
    cout << "Age of the student is " << age << endl;

    return 0;
}

In the preceding program, the code highlighted in bold is the structured binding feature introduced in C++17. Interestingly, we have not declared the string name and int age variables. These are deduced automatically by the C++ compiler as string and int, which makes the C++ syntax just like any modern programming language, without losing its performance and system programming benefits. 

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

Name of the student is Sriram
Age of the student is 10

There is an interesting new feature that allows you to declare a local variable bound to the if and switch statements' block of code. The scope of the variable used in the if and switch statements will go out of scope outside the respective blocks. It can be better understood with an easy to understand example, as follows:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

bool isGoodToProceed( ) {
    return true;
}

bool isGood( ) {
     return true;
}

void functionWithSwitchStatement( ) {

     switch ( auto status = isGood( ) ) {
          case true:
                 cout << "\nAll good!" << endl;
          break;

          case false:
                 cout << "\nSomething gone bad" << endl;
          break;
     } 

}

int main ( ) {

    if ( auto flag = isGoodToProceed( ) ) {
         cout << "flag is a local variable and it loses its scope outside the if block" << endl;
    }

     functionWithSwitchStatement();

     return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

flag is a local variable and it loses its scope outside the if block
All good!

I'm sure you will love what you are about to see in the sample code.  Though templates are quite useful, a lot of people don't like it due to its tough and weird syntax. But you don't have to worry anymore; take a look at the following code snippet:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <typename T1, typename T2>
class MyClass {
     private:
          T1 t1;
          T2 t2;
     public:
          MyClass( T1 t1 = T1(), T2 t2 = T2() ) { }

          void printSizeOfDataTypes() {
               cout << "\nSize of t1 is " << sizeof ( t1 ) << " bytes." << endl;
               cout << "\nSize of t2 is " << sizeof ( t2 ) << " bytes." << endl;
     }
};

int main ( ) {

    //Until C++14
    MyClass<int, double> obj1;
    obj1.printSizeOfDataTypes( );

    //New syntax in C++17
    MyClass obj2( 1, 10.56 );

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the program is as follows:

Size of t1 is 4 bytes.
Size of t2 is 8 bytes.

Just like the inline function in C++, you could now use inline variable definitions. This comes in handy to initialize static variables, as shown in the following sample code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class MyClass {
    private:
        static inline int count = 0;
    public:
        MyClass() { 
              ++count;
        }

    public:
         void printCount( ) {
              cout << "\nCount value is " << count << endl;
         } 
};

int main ( ) {

    MyClass obj;

    obj.printCount( ) ;

    return 0;
}

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

g++-7 main.cpp -std=c++17
./a.out

The output of the preceding code is as follows:

Count value is 1