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EJB 3 Developer Guide
EJB 3 Developer Guide

EJB 3 Developer Guide: Enterprise JavaBean 3 - a Practical Book and eBook Guide for developers and architects using the EJB Standard.

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EJB 3 Developer Guide

Chapter 2. Session Beans

Session Beans are an EJB technology for encapsulating business processes or workflow. In this chapter we will cover the following topics:

  • Stateless session beans

  • Stateful session beans

  • Annotations

  • Packaging and Deploying a session bean

  • Running a session bean client from the application client container

  • Stateless and Stateful session bean lifecycles

Introduction

In object-oriented analysis and design a control class encapsulates business logic for a use case. Session beans are used to implement such control classes. Check credit card details, transfer funds, and book reservation are examples of potential session bean candidates. Session beans are transient and relatively short lived. In particular, session beans are not persistent; they are not stored in a database or other permanent file system. Session beans can create and update entities, which are persistent, as we shall see in the following chapters.

A client interacts with a session bean by invoking one or more methods...

Introduction


In object-oriented analysis and design a control class encapsulates business logic for a use case. Session beans are used to implement such control classes. Check credit card details, transfer funds, and book reservation are examples of potential session bean candidates. Session beans are transient and relatively short lived. In particular, session beans are not persistent; they are not stored in a database or other permanent file system. Session beans can create and update entities, which are persistent, as we shall see in the following chapters.

A client interacts with a session bean by invoking one or more methods defined in the bean. This sequence of method calls we call a session, hence the name session beans. The client can be a web-tier client such as a servlet or JSP page, or a standalone Java application program.

Like EJB 2.x, EJB 3 session beans are a component technology. In EJB 3 a session bean component consists of a bean interface and a bean class. The bean interface...

Stateless Session Beans


A stateless session bean's state spans a single method call. We cannot have method A updating an instance variable x say, and expect the updated value of x to be available for any subsequent method invocation. This holds true both for a new method B which accesses x, or indeed, if method A is invoked a second or subsequent time. We have no guarantee that the same stateless session bean instance will be invoked between method calls. For this reason, stateless session beans should not use instance variables to maintain conversational state.

As a simple example we will develop a stateless session bean which simply returns the current time to the client. This is almost as minimal as the traditional HelloWorld example but is more useful. Recall a session bean component consists of a bean interface and a bean class. We name our interface TimeService.java, which contains a single method definition getTime() :

package ejb30.session;
import javax.ejb.Remote;
@Remote
public...

Stateful Session Beans


In contrast to stateless session beans, stateful session beans maintain state for an individual client over one or more method requests. A stateful session bean is not shared among clients, and a client's reference to a bean only ends when the client ends the session or the session times out. The state is not written to a database but held in the containers cache and is lost when the container crashes.

The classic example of a stateful session bean is the online shopping cart. The user adds one or more items to a shopping cart, possibly over a long time period while the user visits other web sites or is interrupted by a phone call. Finally the user may decide to purchase the items in the cart, cancel his or her shopping cart session, or even abandon the session without explicitly terminating it.

The following example illustrates some aspects of a shopping cart. Our shopping cart will be limited to adding items to a cart and listing the current contents of a cart. First...

Local Interfaces


Up to this point all our examples have used the session bean remote interface, as the clients have run in their own JVM outside the EJB container. Behind the scenes, a remote interface uses the RMI-IIOP protocol for network operations. This protocol stipulates that method arguments are passed by value and not by reference. Passing by value means that an object being passed from the client to the remote bean, or vice versa, is first serialized then passed over the network then deserialized. This all has an impact in terms of performance. Even if our client is a session bean invoking another in the same container there is a performance overhead if we use a remote interface because of the serialization and deserialization taking place. For this reason EJB technology provides a local interface option for session beans. Method arguments are passed by reference and not by value so improving performance.

To illustrate all this we shall create a stateless session bean which will...

Summary


We have covered a lot of ground in this chapter. We have seen that session beans are an EJB technology for encapsulating business logic. Session beans can be either stateless or stateful. We had our first examples of using metadata annotations in our beans. We looked at packaging and deploying session beans using Ant scripts. We showed how a client running outside an EJB container would invoke a session bean using JNDI. We also showed how a client running in an Application Client Container can use dependency injection instead of JNDI to invoke a session bean.

We described the lifecycle for both stateless and stateful session beans and looked at examples of session bean lifecycle callback methods

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Introduction to the EJB 3 Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Session Beans Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Entities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Object/Relational Mapping Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Java Persistence Query Language Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Entity Manager Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Transactions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Messaging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
EJB Timer Service Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Interceptors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing EJB 3 Web Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
EJB 3 Security Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.2
(6 Ratings)
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4 star 33.3%
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Jimminy Zappadoowah Dec 29, 2008
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Trimming down the typical EJB 3 guides and documentation out there did not seem to be the goal of the author. However, he did so by trimming all the fluff out of the book and presenting things in an organized, succinct manner that prove he took his time while writing the text.Possibly what I enjoyed most about this book was the fact that the author took the time to carefully choose each word he used. This resulted in a clear understanding without rambling or going off-point as even the EJB 3 books published from O'Reilly do (of which I am a supporter). The sheer clarity and careful nature of the author really shines through and makes it a fast, easy reader from beginner to advanced offering your much more clarity than any other book it currently competes with.Well organized as well, this book presents EJB 3 development using concrete examples and in a logical, real-world order. Many of its competitors use a very academic approach, which is good for reference, but lack this author's obvious understanding of solving a real-world solution from the ground-up. The book's author has written and organized the text in such a way that you won't find yourself doing a lot of rework and/or revisiting to pieces of code as much as you find in other books which makes for a much clearer picture of how EJB 3 can be applied to your specific problem domain.Simple illustrations/diagrams make things easy to follow as well. The author, again, took the time to create simple but meaningful designs for this information rather than relying on flashy graphics or over-done diagrams to attract your attention (as I am sure we have all seen in many company presentations, lectures, etc. etc. etc.). This allows for easy explanation not only to the reader, but also provides the reader with succinct, clear examples of implementation and strategy that can be taken to decision makers that are a step above development and/or architecture.The book also focuses on very generic solutions. This allots the user with the ability to research the wide variety of options available to them in the EJB 3 and J2EE world. While not directly stated in the book, it does, in fact, list many key points to use while evaluating the pieces to the puzzle that you use for completing your EJB 3 solution as well as touching on points that cover "is EJB 3 really right for my problem?".Overall: Extremely impressive. Less of a reference and more of a front-to-back walk-through. Despite that, it is valuable for all to read from not even knowing what EJB 3 actually is to working with the solution in your day-to-day professional career.I look forward to more titles from the author and, immediately after completing this review, will be searching Amazon.com for some to purchase on other topics of interest. Huzzah to the author for a wonderful text.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Indikos Dec 14, 2008
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The stated purpose of this book is to serve as a tutorial. In that it succeeds extremely well. Within a week of reading this book I was a competent EJB developer. The book is very focused, it also engages the mind and keeps one going. Of course it is not comprehensive - for that one should get the Panda book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Robert Daniels Jun 07, 2009
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I've been developing Java for several years, but have not used or required Enterprise JavaBeans until recently. I first purchased the O'Reily book, "Enterprise JavaBeans 3.0", but before reading it, stumbled upon the PACKT Publishing book, "EJB 3 Developer Guide". Michael Sikora has an excellent writing style. I won't go into the chapter by chapter iteration that some of the other reviewers have done so well, but you get an excellent and rapid start on learning EJB, JPA, annotations, etc.If you're a Java developer and want to get up to speed in just a few weeks on EJB 3.0, my suggestion is to purchase both books. Start with "EJB 3 Developer Guide", which you should be able to do in a weekend, or faster if you don't actually run the samples, then move to the in-depth look at EJB with the O'Reilly book. I actually used the O'Reilly book as a reference when I wanted to know more about a certain topic, then went back to the PACKT book as the pace was pretty nice and fast. You then have a good starting point when diving into the second book.
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Kevin Boone Dec 03, 2008
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Books on EJB technology tend to be fairly weighty. There are tomes of over 500pages that deal solely with the persistence manager. And here we have a slim(by EJB standards) volume that claims to offer a complete overview in a mere240-or-so pages including, incredibly, EJB Web Services. Is that possible?Well, up to a point it is. The trick is to focus ruthlessly on the informationneeded to make things work, while skimming over technicalities. The book claimsto provide a `fast-paced tutorial' and that is, I think, exactly the way tolook at it. If you're interested in investigating the possibility of using EJBin a particular project, and know little about the technology, then this bookwould provide a great introduction. It's easy to read, liberally scattered withcode examples, and nicely presented. An experienced Java developer could readit cover-to-cover in a few hours and understand most of it in one reading.That's pretty unusual for a book on this subject.Chapter 1 deals with the EJB architecture (very briefly indeed) and how toobtain and set up the GlassFish application server.Chapter 2 is more meaty, covering session beans and EJB clients. It is notablethat Java annotations are used here and throughout the book -- there is littlereference to the earlier ways of doing things. Knowledge of how annotationswork is assumed -- there is no technical explication. Another simplifyingfactor is the use of client containers to invoke EJB code. This means that theauthor doesn't need to explain in detail how JNDI works, and the reader doesn'thave to try to follow the explanation. But, again, there is a world of detailhere that developers will have to get to grips with at some point.Chapters 3-5 deal with entities, OR mapping, and the query language. Thesesubjects are closely related and the chapters really form a single chunk ofmaterial. There's certainly enough detail here to be able to build astraightforward application.Chapter 6 is a bit of an anomaly. It deals with the entity manager, and issurprisingly technical compared to the preceeding content. That, in itself, isnot unwelcome -- this is a highly technical area. But since a lot of thismaterial is relevant to stand-alone persistent applications, and notspecifically to EJBs, I was rather surprised to find this level of detail atthis stage.Chapter 7 deals with transations and, again, provides enough information to getstarted.Chapter 8 deals with JMS and message-driven beans (MDBs). Little or noknowledge is assumed of JMS and, in fact, only about four pages of this chapteractually deal with MDBs. That's fair enough, I think -- if you have the basicsof JMS under control, MDBs are straightforward enough. But there is only a halfa page on transaction handling in MDBs, which (in my view) isn't enough, evenat an introductory level.Chatper 9 deals with timer services and is pretty clear.Chapter 10 deals with interceptors, which are a new feature in EJB3. Again, thematerial is straightforward and well illustrated with examples.Chapter 11 describes Web Services in the EJB world. I have mixed feelings aboutthis chapter. There's certainly enough information in the chapter that a personwith no experience of Web services could follow the examples. But Web Servicesis a massive area of technology, and I'm not sure it's profitable to try todeal with it in a single chapter. But I'm not sure what the alternative wouldbe, other than leaving it out. It's not a bad chapter, but I think it will bevery difficult to follow what's going on for people who don't have a backgroundin Web services.Chapter 12 is about security, and is pretty straightforward.I think that this book should appeal to developers who are new to EJB, and justwant to get straight to coding, without reading too much theory. In the longterm, any developer who works with EJB extensively is going to have toget to grips with the theory, and the inpenetrable EJB Specification, buta gentle introduction ought to be welcome.In addition, I would recommend the book to experienced EJB2 developers, whospecifically want a rapid introduction to the new features of EJB3.In short, this is a good book and I recommend it; but developers shouldn'tget the idea that this is the only thing they'll ever need to read on thesubject of EJB3.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
W Boudville Dec 07, 2008
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
EJB version 2 became notorious for its sheer unwieldiness. Programming the various session and entity beans was a miserable experience, noted for its complexity and the verbosity of the source code and deployment descriptors. Much better is EJB 3 as Sikora explains.To fully appreciate his book, you should have tried coding EJB 2. But here are the main advantages. There is no entity bean. Instead, we have what are called simply entities. These are Plain Old Java Objects with some extra requirements. Which leads immediately to the idea that an existing java class which is a POJO can be converted to an entity with minor changes. Whereas the EJB 2 entity beans need a remote or local interface and a home or local interface, along with an XML deployment descriptor file. In a similar way, the new EJB 3 session beans can drop the home interface.Another change is the use of Java annotations. These are special lines beginning with "@" that appear in the source code. What these do is let you avoid writing a deployment descriptor file for that java class. Those files are typically longwinded and manually editing them is error prone. The annotations are remarkably concise and a joy to use, by contrast.Granted, some readers might think that annotations look like an ugly kludge and clutter up the source code. But overall, you gain, simply by being able to discard many of the descriptor files. The complexity of maintaining those in tandem with the associated source files can be (and perhaps often is) a cause of bugs.The other big improvement described in the book is the use of an Entity Manager. It hooks up an entity with a database, using java Persistence. And the JPQL aids the mapping to and from the object oriented approach of java to the relational features of SQL databases. Instead of doing the traditional query to the latter and getting back a ResultSet, from which you might to have java objects. The latter involved grubby low level parsing of the ResultSet. Now JPQL lets you think and code at the level of objects. Giving simpler, more robust code.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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