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ARM?? Cortex?? M4 Cookbook
ARM?? Cortex?? M4 Cookbook

ARM?? Cortex?? M4 Cookbook: Over 50 hands-on recipes that will help you develop amazing real-time applications using GPIO, RS232, ADC, DAC, timers, audio codecs, graphics LCD, and a touch screen

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.3 (4 Ratings)
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ARM?? Cortex?? M4 Cookbook

Chapter 2. C Language Programming

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Configuring the hardware abstraction layer
  • Writing a C program to blink each LED in turn
  • Writing a function
  • Writing to the console window
  • Writing to the GLCD
  • Creating a game application – Stage 1
  • Creating a game application – Stage 2
  • Debugging your code using print statements
  • Using the debugger

Introduction

This chapter will introduce you to writing programs in C, a high-level language developed in the 1970s and popular amongst embedded system developers. It is not the only high-level language that can be used to target embedded system applications, but it is the most widely used, because it produces executable code that is compact and very efficiently executed. Standards for C are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The current standard for the C Programming Language (C11) is ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards).

Becoming a competent C programmer will take time, and although this chapter provides a starting point, you will undoubtedly need to consult other texts that provide a more thorough treatment of the topic. There are also a number of online resources such as http://crasseux.com/books/ctutorial/ and http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~jamie/C/index.html.

Configuring the hardware abstraction layer

The method we deployed in Chapter 1, A Practical Introduction to ARM® CORTEX® used Startup.c to provide a very basic Run Time Environment (RTE), and although this is sufficient to get started blinking LEDs, we need to define a more advanced RTE to take advantage of the other peripherals we'll meet in future recipes. The Application Programmers Interface (API) that STMicroelectronics (STMicro) provide for their microcontrollers is called a hardware abstraction layer (HAL), and CMSIS v2.0 compliant programs must configure this before initializing their peripherals. The RTE manager offers two routes named Classic and STM32CubeMX to configure the HAL. Selecting STM32CubeMX invokes a graphical tool developed by STMicro (freely available at www.st.com) that creates the RTE (that is, generates RTE.h and imports the associated libraries). We describe this process in Chapter 9, Embedded Toolchain. Since we're already familiar with the...

Writing a C program to blink each LED in turn

This recipe extends the helloBlinky_c2v0 recipe introduced in the previous section, and includes a few more C programming statements. We'll call our new recipe helloBlinky_c2v1. uVision5's IDE features a so-called folding editor that allows blocks of code and comments to be hidden or expanded. This is quite useful for hiding complexity, allowing us to focus on the important details.

Getting ready…

First, we'll draw a flowchart describing what our program will do. Don't worry about the details at this stage, we just need to describe the behavior. A flowchart describing helloBlinky_c2v1 is shown as follows:

Getting ready…

Our program will need to change the value of a number stored in memory that determines the LED that is illuminated. Numbers coded in this way are called variables. The name of the variable is chosen by the programmer (usually programmers try to pick meaningful names); in this case, it's referred to by the identifier...

Writing a function

Functions (sometimes called subroutines) are used to hide the complexity of underlying program statements, thereby presenting a more abstract view of the program. Abstraction is commonplace in engineering; for example, we can think of a car as comprising subassemblies that include body, engine, gearbox, suspension, and so on. The complexity within these subassemblies is only important to those specialists such as designers, test engineers, and technicians who need to interact with them. For example, the designers of the gearbox don't need to concern themselves with the intricacies of the engine, they just need to know a few important parameters. Functions provide a similar abstraction mechanism. We already met the functions LED_Initialize(); LED_On(), and LED_Off() used to initialize and switch the LEDs. We don't need to know exactly how these functions do their job but only how to use them. C provides functions as a mechanism of achieving hierarchical decomposition...

Writing to the console window

While a variant of the helloBlinky recipe is usually the first program introduced in most embedded tutorials, the first program found most C textbooks usually outputs the string "Hello World" to the screen. To run such a program on our evaluation board, we'll need to install a terminal emulation program on our PC host. PuTTY® http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/, an open source terminal emulation program is a good choice. We also need to connect the evaluation board to the PC's (COM) serial port. Most PCs and laptops are no longer fitted with 9-pin D-type (COM) ports, so you may need to purchase a USB to Serial Adaptor cable.

Getting ready

Follow these steps to install PuTTY, and connect the evaluation board to the PC's COM port:

  1. If you're using a USB Serial Adaptor, then plug it into the laptop, and wait for the driver to be installed.
  2. Open the Control Panel, and make a note of the COM port that has been allocated...

Writing to the GLCD

Although the LED flashing programs we've written so far have served to provide a tutorial introduction to C, you are probably ready for something a little more exciting. The Graphic LCD (GLCD) touchscreen provides an interactive interface based on a 320 x 240 pixel color display. Keil provides a library of functions to write characters and bit-mapped graphics to the screen.

Getting ready

  1. Create a new folder and rename it helloLCD_c2v0. Invoke uVision5, and create a new project.
  2. After selecting the target device (STM32F407IGHx), use the RTE manager to select the MCBSTM32F400 target board, and check the following software components: Board SupportGraphic LCD, CMSIS → CORE, CMSIS → RTOS (API)KeilRTX, DeviceStartup, Device STM32Cube Framework (API)Classic. Finally, left-click on Resolve and OK.

How to do it…

  1. Create a new C source file called helloLCD.c, and enter the following statements. Although hidden...

Introduction


This chapter will introduce you to writing programs in C, a high-level language developed in the 1970s and popular amongst embedded system developers. It is not the only high-level language that can be used to target embedded system applications, but it is the most widely used, because it produces executable code that is compact and very efficiently executed. Standards for C are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The current standard for the C Programming Language (C11) is ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards).

Becoming a competent C programmer will take time, and although this chapter provides a starting point, you will undoubtedly need to consult other texts that provide a more thorough treatment of the topic. There are also a number of online resources such as http://crasseux.com/books/ctutorial/ and http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~jamie/C/index.html.

Configuring the hardware abstraction layer


The method we deployed in Chapter 1, A Practical Introduction to ARM® CORTEX® used Startup.c to provide a very basic Run Time Environment (RTE), and although this is sufficient to get started blinking LEDs, we need to define a more advanced RTE to take advantage of the other peripherals we'll meet in future recipes. The Application Programmers Interface (API) that STMicroelectronics (STMicro) provide for their microcontrollers is called a hardware abstraction layer (HAL), and CMSIS v2.0 compliant programs must configure this before initializing their peripherals. The RTE manager offers two routes named Classic and STM32CubeMX to configure the HAL. Selecting STM32CubeMX invokes a graphical tool developed by STMicro (freely available at www.st.com) that creates the RTE (that is, generates RTE.h and imports the associated libraries). We describe this process in Chapter 9, Embedded Toolchain. Since we're already familiar with the Classic API, we'll...

Writing a C program to blink each LED in turn


This recipe extends the helloBlinky_c2v0 recipe introduced in the previous section, and includes a few more C programming statements. We'll call our new recipe helloBlinky_c2v1. uVision5's IDE features a so-called folding editor that allows blocks of code and comments to be hidden or expanded. This is quite useful for hiding complexity, allowing us to focus on the important details.

Getting ready…

First, we'll draw a flowchart describing what our program will do. Don't worry about the details at this stage, we just need to describe the behavior. A flowchart describing helloBlinky_c2v1 is shown as follows:

Our program will need to change the value of a number stored in memory that determines the LED that is illuminated. Numbers coded in this way are called variables. The name of the variable is chosen by the programmer (usually programmers try to pick meaningful names); in this case, it's referred to by the identifier num. Since there are only eight...

Writing a function


Functions (sometimes called subroutines) are used to hide the complexity of underlying program statements, thereby presenting a more abstract view of the program. Abstraction is commonplace in engineering; for example, we can think of a car as comprising subassemblies that include body, engine, gearbox, suspension, and so on. The complexity within these subassemblies is only important to those specialists such as designers, test engineers, and technicians who need to interact with them. For example, the designers of the gearbox don't need to concern themselves with the intricacies of the engine, they just need to know a few important parameters. Functions provide a similar abstraction mechanism. We already met the functions LED_Initialize(); LED_On(), and LED_Off() used to initialize and switch the LEDs. We don't need to know exactly how these functions do their job but only how to use them. C provides functions as a mechanism of achieving hierarchical decomposition. For...

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Key benefits

  • This book focuses on programming embedded systems using a practical approach
  • Examples show how to use bitmapped graphics and manipulate digital audio to produce amazing games and other multimedia applications
  • The recipes in this book are written using ARM’s MDK Microcontroller Development Kit which is the most comprehensive and accessible development solution

Description

Embedded microcontrollers are at the core of many everyday electronic devices. Electronic automotive systems rely on these devices for engine management, anti-lock brakes, in car entertainment, automatic transmission, active suspension, satellite navigation, etc. The so-called internet of things drives the market for such technology, so much so that embedded cores now represent 90% of all processor’s sold. The ARM Cortex-M4 is one of the most powerful microcontrollers on the market and includes a floating point unit (FPU) which enables it to address applications. The ARM Cortex-M4 Microcontroller Cookbook provides a practical introduction to programming an embedded microcontroller architecture. This book attempts to address this through a series of recipes that develop embedded applications targeting the ARM-Cortex M4 device family. The recipes in this book have all been tested using the Keil MCBSTM32F400 board. This board includes a small graphic LCD touchscreen (320x240 pixels) that can be used to create a variety of 2D gaming applications. These motivate a younger audience and are used throughout the book to illustrate particular hardware peripherals and software concepts. C language is used predominantly throughout but one chapter is devoted to recipes involving assembly language. Programs are mostly written using ARM’s free microcontroller development kit (MDK) but for those looking for open source development environments the book also shows how to configure the ARM-GNU toolchain. Some of the recipes described in the book are the basis for laboratories and assignments undertaken by undergraduates.

Who is this book for?

This book is aimed at those with an interest in designing and programming embedded systems. These could include electrical engineers or computer programmers who want to get started with microcontroller applications using the ARM Cortex-M4 architecture in a short time frame. The book’s recipes can also be used to support students learning embedded programming for the first time. Basic knowledge of programming using a high level language is essential but those familiar with other high level languages such as Python or Java should not have too much difficulty picking up the basics of embedded C programming.

What you will learn

  • * Use ARM's uVision MDK to configure the microcontroller run time environment (RTE), create projects and compile download and run simple programs on an evaluation board.
  • * Use and extend device family packs to configure I/O peripherals.
  • * Develop multimedia applications using the touchscreen and audio codec beep generator.
  • * Configure the codec to stream digital audio and design digital filters to create amazing audio effects.
  • * Write multi-threaded programs using ARM's real time operating system (RTOS).
  • * Write critical sections of code in assembly language and integrate these with functions written in C.
  • * Fix problems using ARM's debugging tool to set breakpoints and examine variables.
  • * Port uVision projects to other open source development environments.
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Publication date : Mar 16, 2016
Length: 296 pages
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. A Practical Introduction to ARM® CORTEX® Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. C Language Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Programming I/O Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Assembly Language Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Data Conversion Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Multimedia Support Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Real-Time Signal Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Real-Time Embedded Systems Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Embedded Toolchain Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.3
(4 Ratings)
5 star 25%
4 star 0%
3 star 50%
2 star 25%
1 star 0%
yoonghm Jul 08, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I think this is the only book that covers CMSIS libraries while other books uses mbed or proprietary (but open source) libraries.It covers many usages of uVision, steps to configure register for various peripherals, important application concepts.It is suitable for a undergraduate course on embedded system using ARM Cortex M4.
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frannk9 Sep 17, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
The evaluation board used in the examples cost about $360. With so many economical choices for an M4 processor board, not sure why the pricier one was chosen.
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Aakash S. Oct 19, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
good
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DM Aug 24, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
The title should also indicate that all the recipes are all dependent on uVision5 (which free version IDE has a 32 KB limit) and its RTE manager. Any other toolchain I felt was nothing more than a footnote at the end of the book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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