Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Save more on your purchases now! discount-offer-chevron-icon
Savings automatically calculated. No voucher code required
Arrow left icon
All Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Conferences
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
Docker Orchestration
Docker Orchestration

Docker Orchestration: A concise, fast-paced guide to orchestrating and deploying scalable services with Docker

Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Arbezzano Profile Icon Randall Smith
Arrow right icon
£20.98 £29.99
Book Jan 2017 284 pages 1st Edition
eBook
£20.98 £29.99
Print
£36.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at £16.99p/m
Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Arbezzano Profile Icon Randall Smith
Arrow right icon
£20.98 £29.99
Book Jan 2017 284 pages 1st Edition
eBook
£20.98 £29.99
Print
£36.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at £16.99p/m
eBook
£20.98 £29.99
Print
£36.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at £16.99p/m

What do you get with eBook?

Product feature icon Instant access to your Digital eBook purchase
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Docker Orchestration

Chapter 1. Getting Started with Docker Orchestration

Initially, Internet services ran on hardware and life was okay. To scale services to handle peak capacity, one needed to buy enough hardware to handle the load. When the load was no longer needed, the hardware sat unused or underused but ready to serve. Unused hardware is a waste of resources. Also, there was always the threat of configuration drift because of the subtle changes we made with each new install.

Then came VMs and life was good. VMs could be scaled to the size that was needed and no more. Multiple VMs could be run on the same hardware. If there was an increase in demand, new VMs could be started on any physical server that had room. More work could be done on less hardware. Even better, new VMs could be started in minutes when needed, and destroyed when the load slackened. It was even possible to outsource the hardware to companies such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Thus elastic computing was born.

VMs, too, had their problems. Each VM required that additional memory and storage space be allocated to support the operating system. In addition, each virtualization platform had its own way of doing things. Automation that worked with one system had to be completely retooled to work with another. Vendor lock-in became a problem.

Then came Docker. What VMs did for hardware, Docker does for the VM. Services can be started across multiple servers and even multiple providers. Once deployed, containers can be started in seconds without the resource overhead of a full VM. Even better, applications developed in Docker can be deployed exactly as they were built, minimizing the problems of configuration drift and package maintenance.

The question is: how does one do it? That process is called orchestration, and like an orchestra, there are a number of pieces needed to build a working cluster. In the following chapters, I will show a few ways of putting those pieces together to build scalable, reliable services with faster, more consistent deployments.

Let's go through a quick review of the basics so that we are all on the same page. The following topics will be covered:

  • How to install Docker Engine on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Compute Engine (GCE), Microsoft Azure, and a generic Linux host with docker-machine
  • An introduction to Docker-specific distributions including CoreOS, RancherOS, and Project Atomic
  • Starting, stopping, and inspecting containers with Docker
  • Managing Docker images

Installing Docker Engine

Docker Engine is the process that actually runs and controls containers on each Docker host. It is the engine that makes your cluster work. It provides the daemon that runs and manages the containers, an API that the various tools use to interact with Docker, and a command-line interface.

Docker Engine is easy to install with a script provided by Docker. The Docker project recommends that you pipe the download through sh:

$ wget -qO - https://get.docker.com/ | sh

I cannot state strongly enough how dangerous that practice is. If https://www.docker.com/ is compromised, the script that you download could compromise your systems. Instead, download the file locally and review it to ensure that you are comfortable with what the script is doing. After you have reviewed it, you could load it to a local web server for easy access or push it out with a configuration management tool such as Puppet, Chef, or Ansible:

$ wget -qO install-docker.sh https://get.docker.com/

After you have reviewed the script, run it:

$ sh install-docker.sh

Note

The user that runs the install script needs to be root or have the ability to use su or sudo.

If you are running a supported Linux distribution, the script will prepare your system and install Docker. Once installed, Docker will be updated by the local package system, such as apt on Debian and Ubuntu or yum on CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). The install command starts Docker and configures it to start on system boot.

Note

A list of supported operating systems, distributions, and cloud providers is located at https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/ .

By default, anyone using Docker locally will need root privileges. You can change that by adding them to the docker group which is created by the install packages. They will be able to use Docker without root, starting with their next login.

Installing with Docker Machine

Docker provides a very nice tool to facilitate deployment and management of Docker hosts on various cloud services and Linux hosts called Docker Machine. Docker Machine is installed as part of the Docker Toolbox but can be installed separately. Full instructions can be found at https://github.com/docker/machine/releases/ .

Docker Machine supports many different cloud services including AWS, Microsoft Azure, and GCE. It can also be configured to connect to any existing supported Linux server. The driver docker-machine uses is defined by the --driver flag. Each driver has its own specific flags that control how docker-machine works with the service.

Starting a host on AWS

AWS is a great way to run Docker hosts and docker-machine makes it easy to start and manage them. You can use the Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) to send traffic to containers running on a specific host or load balance among multiple hosts.

First of all, you will need to get your access credentials from AWS. You can use them in a couple of ways. First, you can include them on the command line when you run docker-machine:

$ docker-machine create --driver amazonec2 --amazonec2-access-key AK*** --amazonec2-secret-key DM*** ...

Second, you can add them to ~/.aws/credentials. Putting your credentials in a credential file means that you will not have to include them on the command line every time you use docker-machine to work with AWS. It also keeps your credentials off of the command line and out of the process list. The following examples will assume that you have created a credentials file to keep from cluttering the command line:

[default] 
aws_access_key_id = AK*** 
aws_secret_access_key = DM*** 

A new Docker host is created with the create subcommand. You can specify the region using the --amazonec2-region flag. By default, the host will be started in the us-east-1 region. The last item on the command line is the name of the instance, in this case dm-aws-test:

$ docker-machine create --driver amazonec2 --amazonec2-region 
us-west-2 dm-aws-test

Creating CA: /home/user/.docker/machine/certs/ca.pem
Creating client certificate:
/home/user/.docker/machine/certs/cert.pem
Running pre-create checks...
Creating machine...
(dm-aws-test) Launching instance...
Waiting for machine to be running, this may take a few minutes...
Detecting operating system of created instance...
Waiting for SSH to be available...
Detecting the provisioner...
Provisioning with ubuntu(systemd)...
Installing Docker...
Copying certs to the local machine directory...
Copying certs to the remote machine...
Setting Docker configuration on the remote daemon...
Checking connection to Docker...
Docker is up and running!
To see how to connect your Docker Client to the Docker Engine running on this virtual machine, run: docker-machine env dm-aws-test

Starting a host on AWS

The command takes a couple of minutes to run but when it's complete, you have a fully-functional Docker host ready to run containers. The ls subcommand will show you all the machines that docker-machine knows about:

$ docker-machine ls
NAME       ACTIVE     DRIVER       STATE        URL             SWARM   DOCKER    ERRORS                                                                 
dm-aws-test   -        amazonec2   Running   tcp://52.43.71.87:2376           v1.12.1

The machine's IP address is listed in the output of docker-machine ls, but you can also get it by running docker-machine ip. To start working with your new machine, set up your environment by running eval $(docker-machine env dm-aws-test). Now when you run Docker, it will talk to the instance running up on AWS. It is even possible to ssh into the server using docker-machine:

$ docker-machine ssh dm-aws-test
Welcome to Ubuntu 15.10 (GNU/Linux 4.2.0-18-generic x86_64)
* Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/
Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
New release '16.04.1 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.
*** System restart required ***
ubuntu@dm-aws-test:~$

Once you are done with the instance, you can stop it with docker-machine stop and remove it with docker-machine rm:

$ docker-machine stop dm-aws-test
Stopping "dm-aws-test"...
Machine "dm-aws-test" was stopped.

$ docker-machine rm dm-aws-test
About to remove dm-aws-test
Are you sure? (y/n): y
Successfully removed dm-aws-test

Note

There are a number of options that can be passed to docker-machine create including options to use a custom AMI, instance type, or volume size. Complete documentation is available at https://docs.docker.com/machine/drivers/aws/ .

Starting a host on GCE

GCE is another big player in cloud computing. Their APIs make it very easy to start up new hosts running on Google's high power infrastructure. Google is an excellent choice to host your Docker hosts, especially if you are already using other Google Cloud services.

You will need to create a project in GCE for your containers. Authentication happens through Google Application Default Credentials (ADC). This means that authentication will happen automatically if you run docker-machine from a host on GCE. If you are running docker-machine from your own computer, you will need to authenticate using the gcloud tool. The gcloud tool requires Python 2.7 and can be downloaded from the following site: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/ .

$ gcloud auth login

The gcloud tool will open a web browser to authenticate using OAuth 2. Select your account then click Allow on the next page. You will be redirected to a page that shows that you have been authenticated. Now, on to the fun stuff:

$ docker-machine create --driver google \
--google-project docker-test-141618 \
--google-machine-type f1-micro \
dm-gce-test              

Starting a host on GCE

It will take a few minutes to complete depending on the size of image you choose. When it is done, you will have a Docker host running on GCE. You can now use the ls, ssh, and ip subcommands just like the preceding AWS. When you are done, run docker-machine stop and docker-machine rm to stop and remove the image.

Note

There are a number of options that can be passed to docker-machine including options to set the zone, image, and machine time. Complete documentation is available at https://docs.docker.com/machine/drivers/gce/ .

Starting a host on Microsoft Azure

Microsoft is a relative newcomer to the cloud services game but they have built an impressive service. Azure underpins several large systems including Xbox Live.

Azure uses the subscription ID for authentication. You will be given an access code and directed to enter it at https://aka.ms/devicelogin . Select Continue, choose your account, then click on Accept. You can close the browser window when you are done:

$ docker-machine create --driver azure --azure-subscription-id 30*** dm-azure-test

Starting a host on Microsoft Azure

Again, it will take some time to finish. Once done, you will be able to run containers on your new host. As always, you can manage your new host with docker-machine. There is an important notice in the output when you remove a machine on Azure. It is worth making sure that everything does get cleaned up:

$ docker-machine rm dm-azure-test
About to remove dm-azure-test
Are you sure? (y/n): y
(dm-azure-test) NOTICE: Please check Azure portal/CLI to make sure you have no 

leftover resources to avoid unexpected charges.                                 
(dm-azure-test) Removing Virtual Machine resource.  name="dm-azure-test"
(dm-azure-test) Removing Network Interface resource.  name="dm-azure-test-nic"
(dm-azure-test) Removing Public IP resource.  name="dm-azure-test-ip"
(dm-azure-test) Removing Network Security Group resource.  
name="dm-azure-test-firewall"

(dm-azure-test) Attempting to clean up Availability Set resource...  
name="docker-machine"                                                           
(dm-azure-test) Removing Availability Set resource...  name="docker-machine"
(dm-azure-test) Attempting to clean up Subnet resource...  name="docker-machine"
(dm-azure-test) Removing Subnet resource...  name="docker-machine"
(dm-azure-test) Attempting to clean up Virtual Network resource...  
name="docker
-machine-vnet"

(dm-azure-test) Removing Virtual Network resource...  name="docker-machine-vnet"
Successfully removed dm-azure-test

Note

There are many options for the Azure driver including options to choose the image, VM size, location, and even which ports need to be open on the host. For full documentation refer to https://docs.docker.com/machine/drivers/azure/ .

Installing on a running Linux host

You can also use a generic driver of docker-machine to install and manage Docker on an existing host running a supported Linux distribution. There are a couple of things to keep in mind. First, the host must already be running. Docker can be pre-installed. This can be useful if you are installing Docker as part of your host build process. Second, if Docker is running, it will be restarted. This means that any running containers will be stopped. Third, you need to have an existing SSH key pair.

The following command will use SSH to connect to the server specified by the --generic-ip-address flag using the key identified by --generic-ssh-key and the user set with --generic-ssh-user. There are two important things to keep in mind for the SSH user. First, the user must be able to use sudo without a password prompt. Second, the public key must be in the authorized_keys file in the user's $HOME/.ssh/ directory:

$ docker-machine create --driver generic --generic-ip-address 52.40.113.7 --generic-ssh-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa --generic-ssh-user ubuntu dm-ubuntu-test

This process will take a couple of minutes. It will be faster than the creates on cloud services that also have to provision the VM. Once it is complete, you can manage the host with docker-machine and start running containers.

The only difference between the generic driver and the other cloud drivers is that the stop subcommand does not work. This means that stopping a generic Docker host has to be done from the host.

Note

Full documentation can be found at https://docs.docker.com/machine/drivers/generic/ .

Introducing Docker-specific distributions

One of the benefits of running services with Docker is that the server distribution no longer matters. If your application needs CentOS tools, it can run in a container based on CentOS. The same is true for Ubuntu. In fact, services running in containers based on different distributions can run side-by-side without issue. This has led to a push for very thin, Docker-specific distributions.

These distributions have one purpose: to run Docker containers. As such, they are very small and very limited in what comes out of the box. This a huge benefit to cloud wranglers everywhere. Fewer tools mean fewer updates and more uptime. It also means that the host OS has a much smaller attack surface, giving you greater security.

Their focus on Docker is a great strength, but it can also be a weakness. You may find yourself up against a wall if you need something specific on your host that is not available. On the positive side, many tools that might not be available in the default install can be run from a container.

CoreOS

CoreOS ( https://coreos.com ) was one of the first Docker-specific distributions. They have since started their own container project called rkt, but still include Docker. It is supported on all major cloud providers including Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure, and GCE and can be installed locally in bare-metal or in a local cloud environment.

CoreOS uses the same system that Google uses on their Chromebooks to manage updates. If the updates cause a problem, they can be easily rolled back to the previous version. This can help you maintain stable and reliable services.

CoreOS is designed to update the system automatically which is very unique. The idea is that automatically updating the OS is the best way to maintain the security of the infrastructure. This process can be configured, by default, to ensure that only one host in a CoreOS cluster is rebooting at a time. It can also be configured to only update during maintenance windows or turned off completely. Before you decide to turn it off manually, remember that a properly configured orchestration system will keep services up and running even when the hosts they are running is on reboot.

CoreOS includes Docker but does not enable it. The following example from the CoreOS documentation shows how to enable Docker on boot. This is done by creating a new systemd unit file through cloud-init. On AWS, this is placed in the user data instance configuration:

#cloud-config 
 
coreos: 
  units: 
    - name: docker-tcp.socket 
      command: start 
      enable: true 
      content: | 
        [Unit] 
        Description=Docker Socket for the API 
 
        [Socket] 
        ListenStream=2375 
        BindIPv6Only=both 
        Service=docker.service 
 
        [Install] 
        WantedBy=sockets.target 

CoreOS uses a default core user. Users can be added through the cloud-config file:

#cloud-config 
users: 
  - name: "demo" 
    passwd: "$6$HpqJOCs8XahT$mSgRYAn..." 
    groups: 
    - "sudo" 
    - "docker" 

As SSH key can also be added with the ssh-authorized-keys option in the users block. You can add any number of keys to each user:

#cloud-config 
users: 
  - default 
  - name: "demo" 
    ssh-authorized-keys: 
    - "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..." 

CoreOS also supports sssd for authentication against LDAP and Active Directory (AD). Like Docker, it is enabled through cloud-config:

#cloud-config 
coreos: 
  units: 
  - name "sssd.service" 
    command: "start" 
    enable: true 

The sssd configuration is in /etc/sssd/sssd.conf. Like the rest of CoreOS, the configuration can be added to cloud-config:

#cloud-config 
write_files: 
  - path: "/etc/sssd/sssd.conf" 
    permissions: "0644" 
    owner: "root" 
    content: | 
      config_file_version = 2 
      ... 

Note

Full configuration of sssd is beyond the scope of this book. Full documentation is at the following website: https://jhrozek.fedorapeople.org/sssd/1.13.1/man/sssd.conf.5.html

RancherOS

Rancher ( http://rancher.com ) was designed from the ground up to run Docker containers. It supports multiple orchestration tools including Kubernetes, Mesos, and Docker Swarm. There are ISOs available for installation to hardware and images for Amazon EC2, GCE, or OpenStack. You can even install RancherOS on Raspberry Pi!

RancherOS is so unique; even the system tools run in Docker. Because of this, the admin can choose a console that fits what they're comfortable with. Supported consoles are CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, or the default BusyBox-based console.

Rancher provides a very nice web interface for managing containers and clusters. It also makes it easy to run multiple environments including multiple orchestration suites. Rancher will be covered in more detail in Chapter 7, Using Simpler Orchestration Tools - Fleet and Cattle.

The cloud-init package is used to configure RancherOS. You can configure it to start containers on boot, format persistent disks, or do all sorts of other cool things. One thing it cannot do is add additional users. The idea is that there is very little reason to log in to the host once Docker is installed and configured. However, you can add SSH keys to the default rancher user to allow unique logins for different users:

#cloud-config 
ssh_authorized_keys: 
  - ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz... 

If you need to add options to Docker, set them with cloud-init:

#cloud-config 
rancher: 
  docker: 
    args: [daemon, ...] 

Project Atomic / RHEL Atomic

Project Atomic ( http://projectatomic.io ) grew out of the Fedora Project but now supports CentOS, Fedora, and RHEL. Images are available for Linux KVM and Xen-based virtualization platforms as well as Amazon EC2 and bare-metal installation.

It uses OSTree and rpm-OSTree to provide atomic updates. In other words, every package is updated at the same time, in one chunk. You do not have to worry that one package might have failed updates and left the system with an older package. It also provides for easy rollback in case the updates cause problems.

Project Atomic comes pre-installed with Docker and Kubernetes. (Kubernetes is covered in detail in Chapter 5, Deploying and Managing Services with Kubernetes.) This makes it an ideal base for Kubernetes-based clusters. The addition of SELinux adds an extra level of security in case one of the running containers is compromised.

Deployment on almost any local cloud system or EC2 is made easier by the use of cloud-init. The cloud-init package lets you configure your Atomic hosts automatically on boot, instantly growing your Kubernetes cluster.

You can use cloud-init to set the password and enable SSH logins for the default user:

#cloud-config 
password: c00l-pa$$word 
ssh_pwauth: True 

You can also add SSH keys to the default user's authorized_keys file:

#cloud-config 
ssh_authorized_keys: 
  - ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz... 
  - ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz... 

Note

The name of the default user depends on which version of Atomic you use. For Fedora, the username is fedora, for CentOS it is centos, and for RHEL it is cloud-user.

Running single container applications

Before we get into the nuts and bolts of Docker orchestration, let's run through the basics of running single applications in Docker. Seeing as this is a tech book, the first example is always some variant of Hello World and this is no different.

Note

By default, docker must be run as the root user or with sudo. Instead, you could add your user to the docker group and run containers without root.

$ docker run --rm ubuntu echo "Hello World"

This example is really simple. It downloads the ubuntu Docker image and uses that image to run the echo "Hello World" command. Simple, right? There is actually a lot going on here that you need to understand before you get into orchestration.

First of all, notice the word ubuntu in that command. That tells Docker that you want to use the ubuntu image. By default, Docker will download images from the Docker Hub. There are a large number of images, most uploaded by the community, but there are also a number of official images of various projects of which ubuntu is one. These form a great base for almost any application.

Second, take special note of the --rm flag. When docker runs, it creates an image for the container that contains any changes to the base image. Those changes persist as long as the container exists even if the container is stopped. The --rm flag tells docker to remove the container and its image as soon as it stops running. When you start automating containers with orchestration tools, you will often want to remove containers when they stop. I'll explain more in the next section.

Lastly, take a look at the echo command. Yes, it is an echo alright, and it outputs Hello World just like one would expect. There are two important points here. First, the command can be anything in the image, and second, it must be in the image. For example, if you tried to run nginx in that command, Docker will throw an error similar to the following:

$ sudo docker run --rm ubuntu nginx
exec: "nginx": executable file not found in $PATH
Error response from daemon: Cannot start container 821fcd4e8ae76668d8c508190b338e166247dc46cb6bc2582731566e7f2c705a: [8] System error: exec: "nginx": executable file not found in $PATH

The "Hello World" examples are all good but what if you want to do something actually useful? To quote old iPhone ads; There's an app for that. There are many official applications available on the Docker Hub. Let's continue with nginx and start a container running nginx to serve a simple website:

$ docker run --rm -p 80:80 --name nginx nginx

This command starts a new container based on the nginx image, downloading it if needed, and telling docker to forward TCP port 80 to port 80 in the image. Now you can go to http://localhost and see a most welcoming website:

Running single container applications

Welcoming people to Nginx is all well and good, but obviously, you will want to do more than that. That will be covered in more detail in Chapter 2, Building Multi-Container Applications with Docker Compose. For now, the default will be sufficient.

If you run the preceding example, you will notice that the console appears to hang. That's because docker starts processes in the foreground. What you are seeing there is nginx waiting for a request. If you go to http://localhost, then you should see messages from the nginx access log printed to the console. Another option is to add -d to your run command. That will detach the process from the console:

$ docker run -d -p 80:80 --name nginx nginx

Note

The -d and --rm options are mutually exclusive.

There are multiple ways to stop a container. The first way is to end the process running in the container. This will happen automatically for short running processes. When starting a container like nginx in the preceding example, pressing Ctrl + C in the session will stop nginx and the container. The other way is to use docker stop. It takes the image ID or name of the container. For example, to stop the container that was started earlier you would run docker stop nginx.

Let's take a moment and look at how Docker deals with remote images. Remember, when you first ran docker run with the ubuntu or nginx images, docker had to first download the images from the Docker Hub. When you run them again, Docker will use the downloaded image. You can see the images Docker knows about with the docker images command:

$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             VIRTUAL SIZE
ubuntu              latest              ae81bbda2b6c        5 hours ago         126.6 MB
nginx               latest              bfdd4ced794e        3 days ago          183.4 MB

Unwanted images can be deleted with the docker rmi command:

$ docker rmi ubuntu

Ack! What do you do if you deleted an image but you still need it? You have two options. First, you can run a container that uses the image. It works, but can be cumbersome if running a container changes data or conflicts with something that is already running. Fortunately, there is the docker pull command:

$ docker pull ubuntu

This command will pull the default version of the ubuntu image from the repository on Docker Hub. Specific versions can be pulled by specifying them in the command:

$ docker pull ubuntu:trusty

Docker pull is also used to update a previously downloaded image. For example, the ubuntu image is regularly updated with security fixes and other patches. If you do not pull the updates, docker on your host will continue to use the old image. Simply run the docker pull command again and any updates to the image will be downloaded.

Let's take a quick diversion and consider what this means for your hosts when you begin to orchestrate Docker. Unless you or your tools update the images on your hosts, you will find that some hosts are running old images while others are running the new, shiny image. This can open your systems up to intermittent failures or security holes. Most modern tools will take care of that for you or, at least, have an option to force a pull before deployment. Others may not, keep that in mind as you look at orchestration tools and strategies.

What is running?

At some point, you will want to see what containers are running on a specific host. Your orchestration tools will help with that, but there will be times that you will need to go straight to the source to troubleshoot a problem. For that, there is the docker ps command. To demonstrate, start up a few containers:

$ for i in {1..4}; do docker run -d --name nginx$i nginx ; done

Now run docker ps:

$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
e5b302217aeb        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   80/tcp, 443/tcp     nginx4
dc9d9e1e1228        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   80/tcp, 443/tcp     nginx3
6009967479fc        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   80/tcp, 443/tcp     nginx2
67ac8125983c        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   80/tcp, 443/tcp     nginx1

You should see the containers that were just started as well as any others that you may have running. If you stop the containers, they will disappear from docker ps:

$ for i in {1..4}; do docker stop nginx$i ; done
nginx1
nginx2
nginx3
nginx4

As you can see if you run docker ps, the containers are gone:

$ docker ps

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

However, since the --rm flag was not used, docker still knows about them and could restart them:

$ docker ps -a

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                          PORTS               NAMES
e5b302217aeb        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   3 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                       nginx4
dc9d9e1e1228        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   3 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                       nginx3
6009967479fc        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   3 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                       nginx2
67ac8125983c        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon off"   3 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                       nginx1

These are all the stopped nginx containers. The docker rm command will remove the containers:

$ for i in {1..4}; do docker rm nginx$i ; done
nginx1
nginx2
nginx3
nginx4

Until a container is removed, all the data is still available. You can restart the container and it will chug along quite happily with whatever data existed when the container was stopped. Once the container is removed, all the data within that container is removed right along with it. In many cases, you might not care but, in others, that data might be important. How you deal with that data will be an important part of planning out your orchestration system. In Chapter 3, Cluster Building Blocks - Registry, Overlay Networks, and Shared Storage, I will show you how you can move your data into shared storage to keep it safe.

Inspecting your container

There comes a time in the life of anyone working with containers when you will need to jump into a running container and see what is going on. Fortunately, Docker has just the tool for you in the form of docker exec. The exec subcommand takes two arguments, the name of the container, and the command to run:

$ docker exec -it nginx bash

I slipped an option in there that is important if you are starting an interactive process. The -it option tells Docker that you have an interactive process and that you want a new TTY. This is essential if you want to start a shell:

$ sudo docker exec -it nginx bash                                                                
root@fd8533fa2eda:/# ps ax
PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
1 ?        Ss     0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
6 ?        S      0:00 nginx: worker process
13 ?        Ss     0:00 bash
18 ?        R+     0:00 ps ax
root@fd8533fa2eda:/# exit

In the preceding example, I connected to the container and ran ps ax to see every process that the container knew about. Getting a shell in the container can be invaluable when debugging. You can verify that files were added correctly or that internal scripts are properly handling environment variables passed in through docker.

It's also possible to run non-interactive programs. Let's use the same ps example as earlier:

$ sudo docker exec nginx ps ax           
PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
1 ?        Ss     0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
6 ?        S      0:00 nginx: worker process
19 ?        Rs     0:00 ps ax

As you might expect, there's not much to see here, but it should give you an idea of what is possible. I often use them when debugging and I do not need a full shell.

Summary

In this chapter you have learned the basics of using Docker. You saw how to quickly install Docker on AWS, GCE, Azure, and a generic Linux host. You were introduced to a few Docker-specific distributions and saw a little bit of how to configure them. Finally, we reviewed the basics of using the docker command. In the next chapter, I will walk you through using Docker Compose to build new single and multi-container applications.

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • - Explore the new features added to the core Docker Engine to make multi-container orchestration easy
  • - Leverage tools such as Docker Machine, Swarm, Compose, and third-party tools such as Kubernetes, Mesosphere, and CoreOS to orchestrate containers
  • - Use Docker Compose with Swarm and apply rolling updates for zero downtime deployments

Description

Docker orchestration is what you need when transitioning from deploying containers individually on a single host to deploying complex multi-container apps on many machines. This book covers the new orchestration features of Docker 1.12 and helps you efficiently build, test, and deploy your application using Docker. You will be shown how to build multi-container applications using Docker Compose. You will also be introduced to the building blocks for multi-host Docker clusters such as registry, overlay networks, and shared storage using practical examples. This book gives an overview of core tools such as Docker Machine, Swarm, and Compose which will enhance your orchestration skills. You’ll learn how to set up a swarm using the decentralized building block. Next, you’ll be shown how to make the most out of the in-built orchestration feature of Docker engine and you’ll use third-party tools such as Kubernetes, Mesosphere, and CoreOS to orchestrate your existing process. Finally, you will learn to deploy cluster hosts on cloud services and automate your infrastructure.

What you will learn

  • - Build scalable, reliable services with Docker
  • - See how to manage a service in Docker using Docker Swarm, Kubernetes, and Mesosphere
  • - Discover simpler orchestration tools such as CoreOS/Fleet and Rancher Cattle
  • - Understand cluster-wide logging, system monitoring, and troubleshooting
  • - Build, test, and deploy containers using Continuous Integration
  • - Deploy cluster hosts on cloud services and automate your infrastructure

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jan 24, 2017
Length 284 pages
Edition : 1st Edition
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787122123
Vendor :
Docker
Languages :

What do you get with eBook?

Product feature icon Instant access to your Digital eBook purchase
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want

Product Details

Publication date : Jan 24, 2017
Length 284 pages
Edition : 1st Edition
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787122123
Vendor :
Docker
Languages :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
£16.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
£169.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just £5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
£234.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just £5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together

Stars icon
Total £ 43.97 62.98 19.01 saved
Docker Orchestration
£20.98 £29.99
Learning Docker
£22.99 £32.99
=
Book stack Total £ 43.97 62.98 19.01 saved Stars icon

Table of Contents

11 Chapters
Preface Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Getting Started with Docker Orchestration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Building Multi-Container Applications with Docker Compose Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Cluster Building Blocks – Registry, Overlay Networks, and Shared Storage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Orchestration with Docker Swarm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Deploying and Managing Services with Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Working with Mesosphere Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Using Simpler Orchestration Tools – Fleet and Cattle Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Monitoring Your Cluster Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Using Continuous Integration to Build, Test, and Deploy Containers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Why Stop at Containers? Automating Your Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

How do I buy and download an eBook? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Where there is an eBook version of a title available, you can buy it from the book details for that title. Add either the standalone eBook or the eBook and print book bundle to your shopping cart. Your eBook will show in your cart as a product on its own. After completing checkout and payment in the normal way, you will receive your receipt on the screen containing a link to a personalised PDF download file. This link will remain active for 30 days. You can download backup copies of the file by logging in to your account at any time.

If you already have Adobe reader installed, then clicking on the link will download and open the PDF file directly. If you don't, then save the PDF file on your machine and download the Reader to view it.

Please Note: Packt eBooks are non-returnable and non-refundable.

Packt eBook and Licensing When you buy an eBook from Packt Publishing, completing your purchase means you accept the terms of our licence agreement. Please read the full text of the agreement. In it we have tried to balance the need for the ebook to be usable for you the reader with our needs to protect the rights of us as Publishers and of our authors. In summary, the agreement says:

  • You may make copies of your eBook for your own use onto any machine
  • You may not pass copies of the eBook on to anyone else
How can I make a purchase on your website? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

If you want to purchase a video course, eBook or Bundle (Print+eBook) please follow below steps:

  1. Register on our website using your email address and the password.
  2. Search for the title by name or ISBN using the search option.
  3. Select the title you want to purchase.
  4. Choose the format you wish to purchase the title in; if you order the Print Book, you get a free eBook copy of the same title. 
  5. Proceed with the checkout process (payment to be made using Credit Card, Debit Cart, or PayPal)
Where can I access support around an eBook? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
  • If you experience a problem with using or installing Adobe Reader, the contact Adobe directly.
  • To view the errata for the book, see www.packtpub.com/support and view the pages for the title you have.
  • To view your account details or to download a new copy of the book go to www.packtpub.com/account
  • To contact us directly if a problem is not resolved, use www.packtpub.com/contact-us
What eBook formats do Packt support? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Our eBooks are currently available in a variety of formats such as PDF and ePubs. In the future, this may well change with trends and development in technology, but please note that our PDFs are not Adobe eBook Reader format, which has greater restrictions on security.

You will need to use Adobe Reader v9 or later in order to read Packt's PDF eBooks.

What are the benefits of eBooks? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
  • You can get the information you need immediately
  • You can easily take them with you on a laptop
  • You can download them an unlimited number of times
  • You can print them out
  • They are copy-paste enabled
  • They are searchable
  • There is no password protection
  • They are lower price than print
  • They save resources and space
What is an eBook? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Packt eBooks are a complete electronic version of the print edition, available in PDF and ePub formats. Every piece of content down to the page numbering is the same. Because we save the costs of printing and shipping the book to you, we are able to offer eBooks at a lower cost than print editions.

When you have purchased an eBook, simply login to your account and click on the link in Your Download Area. We recommend you saving the file to your hard drive before opening it.

For optimal viewing of our eBooks, we recommend you download and install the free Adobe Reader version 9.