Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 5.x: Develop your first interactive 2D platformer game by learning the fundamentals of C#, Second Edition

Great news if you are a beginner in scripting! This book is for those with absolutely no knowledge of programming. It is devoted to teaching the basics of C# with Unity.

However, some knowledge of Unity's operation is required. I will only be covering the parts of the Unity interface that are related to writing C# code. I am assuming that you know your way around Unity's interface. I will help you, however, to prepare the Unity layout for efficient scripting.

You've got Unity up and running, studied the interface, and added some GameObjects to the scene. Now you're ready to have those GameObjects move around, listen, speak, pick up other objects, shoot the bad guys, or do anything else that you can dream of. So you click on Play, and nothing happens. Well, darn it all anyway!

You've just learned a big lesson; all those fantastic, highly detailed GameObjects are dumber than a hammer. They don't know anything, and they surely don't know how to do anything.

So, you proceed to read the Unity Forums, study some scripting tutorials, and maybe even copy and paste some scripts to get some action going when you click on Play. That's great, but then you realize that you don't understand anything in the scripts you've copied. Sure, you probably recognize the words, but you fail to understand what those words do or mean in a script.

You look at the code, your palms get sweaty, and you think to yourself, "I'll never be able to write scripts!" Perhaps, you have scriptphobia—a fear of not being able to write instructions (I made that up). Is that what you have?

The fear that you cannot write down instructions in a coherent manner? You may believe you have this affliction, but you don't. You only think you do.

The basics of writing code are quite simple. In fact, you do things everyday that are just like steps executed in a script. For example, do you know how to interact with other people? How to operate a computer? Do you fret so much about making a baloney sandwich that you have to go to an online forum and ask how to do it?

Of course you don't. In fact, you know these things as every day routines or maybe habits. Think about this for a moment: do you have to consciously think about these routines that you do everyday? Probably not. After you do them over and over, they become automatic.

The point is that you do things everyday following sequences of steps. Who created these steps that you follow? More than likely, you did, which means that you've been scripting your whole life.

You just never had to write down the steps for your daily routines on a piece of paper before you did them. You could write the steps down if you really wanted to, but it takes too much time and there's no need of it; however, you do in fact know how to. Well, guess what? To write scripts, you only have to make one small change—start writing down the steps, not for yourself but for the world that you're creating in Unity.

So as you see, you are already familiar with the concept of dealing with scripts. Most beginners of Unity easily learn their way around the Unity interface, how to add assets, and working in the Scene and Hierarchy windows. Their primary fear, and roadblock, is their false belief that scripting is too hard to learn.

Relax! You now have this book. I am going to get really basic in the early chapters. Call them baby steps if you want, but you will see that scripting for Unity is similar to doing things that you are already doing everyday. I'm sure you will have many Ah-Ha moments as you learn and overcome your unjustified fears and beliefs.

You have probably already installed and activated Unity. Where you should look for the latest Unity version and license might be obvious. However, I've noticed lots of questions online about where you can get Unity for free, and so I decided to cover this subject. If you feel that this step is obsolete for you, skip this part.

The best place to download your Unity copy from is, of course, Unity's official website: http://unity3d.com/unity/download.

In this book, we will be covering Unity Version 5.0 and higher. We need to download the latest version of Unity and install it with all components ticked. It's a good idea to install Unity with the example project. The Unity Example project (the Angry Bots game) is there for us to play with, experiment, and learn.

You have Unity because you want to make a game or something interactive. You've filled your game with dumb GameObjects. What you have to do now is be their teacher. You have to teach them everything that they need to know to live in this world of make-believe. This is the part where you have to write down instructions so that your GameObjects can be smarter.

Here's a quote from the Unity Manual:

Notice the word behavior. It reminds me of a parent teaching a child proper behavior. This is exactly what we are going to do when we write scripts for our GameObjects; we'll teach them the behaviors we want them to have. The best part is that Unity has provided a long list of all the behaviors that we can give to our GameObjects. This list of behaviors is documented in the Scripting Reference.

This means that we can pick and choose anything that we want a GameObject to do from this list of behaviors. Unity has done all the hard work of programming all of these behaviors for you. All we need to do is use some code to tie into these behaviors. Did you catch that? Unity has already created the behaviors; all that we have to do is supply a bit of C# code to apply these behaviors to our GameObjects. Now, how difficult can it really be since Unity has already done most of the programming?

Using Unity's documentation

When we begin writing scripts, we will be looking at Unity's documentation quite often, so it's beneficial to know how to access the information that we need. For an overview of a topic, we'll use the Reference Manual, and for specific coding details and examples, we'll use the Scripting Reference.

There are a number of ways to access the Unity documentation:

• Through the Unity website at http://docs.unity3d.com/ScriptReference/index.html:

  

• Through the Help menu on the top bar. In this way, you can access a local copy of Unity reference. This is worth remembering if there are Internet connectivity issues:

  

• Through the Help menu next to the component name. This will work only for Unity's built-in, standard components.

Let's open Scripting Reference now and search for a GameObject. This is the place where we can find scripting documentation, answers to our questions, and a lot of example code. You might feel a bit lost right now, but don't worry; this is quite normal. The Unity documentation is really easy to use. For fastest access to relevant information, use Search scripting... in the top-right corner, as shown here:

Another resource that we will be using is Microsoft's C# scripting documentation. We can access it at https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/67ef8sbd.aspx.

Let's not worry about it too much at the moment. We agreed to take baby steps, so bookmark this link in your web browser for now.

Until you learn some basic concepts of programming, it's too early to study how scripts work, but you still need to know how to create one.

There are several ways of creating a script file using Unity:

All of these ways create a .cs file in the Unity Assets folder. From now on, whenever I tell you to create a C# script, use whichever method you prefer.

Lots of files can create a mess

As our Unity project progresses, we will have lots of different types of files in the Project view. It's highly recommended that you keep a clean and simple folder structure in your project.

Let's keep our scripts in the Scripts folder, textures in Textures, and so on so that it looks something like this:

From now on, let's not keep any loose files in the Assets folder.

Why does my Project tab look different?

Unity allows us to customize the user interface. Everyone has their own favorite. I prefer a one-column layout Project tab instead of Unity's default two-column layout. To change this, open the context menu in the top-right corner of the Project tab, as shown in this screenshot:

When working in a team, you will notice that every team member has his/her own layout preference. A level designer may like to use a big Scene tab. An animator will probably use the Animation and Animator tabs. For a programmer like you, all tabs are fairly important. However, the Console tab is the one that you will use a lot while testing your code. I mostly prefer a layout divided into four columns—from left to right, Scene and Console, then Hierarchy, then Project and finally Inspector. It looks like what is shown in the following screenshot:

Note

If you have trouble with moving tabs around, refer to the Customizing Your Workspace chapter in the Unity Manual.

Feel free to change the interface however you want. But try to keep the Console tab visible all the time. We will use it a lot throughout the book. You can also save your custom layouts in the Layout menu.

Note

The Console tab shows messages, warnings, errors, or debug output from your game. You can define your own messages to be sent to the console.

We are now ready to create a new C# file in our learning project:

We have created the Scripts folder, which we will be using to organize our C# files. This folder will contain all of our Unity script files. We have also used Unity to create a C# script file named LearningScript.cs.

Unity uses an external editor to edit its C# scripts. Even though it can create a basic starter C# script for us, we still have to edit the script using the MonoDevelop code editor that's included with Unity.

Opening LearningScript in MonoDevelop

Unity will synchronize with MonoDevelop the first time you tell it to open a file for editing. The simplest way to do this is by double-clicking on LearningScript in the Scripts folder. It might take a few seconds for MonoDevelop to open and sync.

Our window should look like this:

MonoDevelop launched with LearningScript open, and ready to edit.

What we see now is a default C# script structure that Unity creates. It contains information on what namespaces are used in the script, the class definition, and two methods that Unity adds by default, as shown here:

The namespace – highlighted in blue

The namespace is simply an organization construct. It helps organize parts of code. Don't worry too much about them now. We won't need to create them anytime soon. All we will need to know for now is how many namespaces we are using in our script.

In our script, we can see these two lines:

using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

The preceding two lines simply mean that our script will be using the UnityEngine and System.Collections namespaces and we will have access to all parts of these libraries. These two namespaces are added to any new C# script by default, and we will use them in most of our cases.

The class definition – highlighted in green

A class definition starts with the class keyword, followed by a class name and an optional base class name, followed by a class body enclosed in curly braces:

public class LearningScript : MonoBehaviour {

}

Tip

Downloading the example code

You can download the example code files for this book from your account at http://www.packtpub.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit http://www.packtpub.com/support and register to have the files e-mailed directly to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

• Log in or register to our website using your e-mail address and password.

• Hover the mouse pointer on the SUPPORT tab at the top.

• Click on Code Downloads & Errata.

• Enter the name of the book in the Search box.

• Select the book for which you're looking to download the code files.

• Choose from the drop-down menu where you purchased this book from.

• Click on Code Download.

Once the file is downloaded, please make sure that you unzip or extract the folder using the latest version of:

• WinRAR / 7-Zip for Windows

• Zipeg / iZip / UnRarX for Mac

• 7-Zip / PeaZip for Linux

Again, don't worry about this too much. Let's not introduce too much theory. All that we need to focus on now is how the class definition looks.

Note

The code contained inside your class is called class body. By default, Unity creates two functions inside a class body.

public class LearningScript : MonoBehaviour

public class NewBehaviourScript : MonoBehaviour

Adding our script to GameObject

We have created the LearningScript class. Its code is saved in the file in the Project/Assets folder. To include an instance of this class in our project, we will add it as a component to an empty GameObject.

Lets create a new GameObject. In the menu, navigate to GameObject | Create Empty Child, as shown here:

There are a number of ways of adding our LearningScript component to GameObject. Let's talk about the simplest one:

1. Select your newly created GameObject.

   

2. Drag and drop the Script file from the Project tab to the empty space underneath the Transform component.

   

We can now see that our LearningScript file has been added as a component to the GameObject. This means that an instance of LearningScript is active and ready to execute code.

In object-oriented programming, an instance is simply a copy of the object. In this case, there is one copy of our LearningScript file. We are using two terms here: GameObject and Object. Do not mix this up; they are, in fact, two different things. GameObject is a object in your Unity scene. It contains components such as Transform or our newly created LearningScript.

Object in programming means an instance of the script. Don't worry about the terminology too much at this stage. I am sure that the difference between these two will become much clearer soon.

This chapter tried to put you at ease with writing scripts for Unity. You do have the ability to write down instructions, which is all a script is—a sequence of instructions. We saw how simple it is to create a new script file. You probably create files on your computer all the time. We also saw how to easily bring forth Unity's documentation. We created a channel to communicate with other developers. Finally, we took a look at the MonoDevelop editor. None of this was complicated. In fact, you probably use apps all the time that do similar things. The bottom line: there's nothing to fear here.

In Chapter 2, Introducing the Building Blocks for Unity Scripts, we will start off by introducing the building blocks for Unity scripts—by taking an introductory look at the building blocks of programming—for which we'll be using variables, methods, dot syntax, and classes. Don't let these terms scare you. The concepts behind each one of these are similar to things that you do often, perhaps everyday.