Ever since Microsoft started working on the ASP.NET MVC framework, one of the primary concerns was the framework's ability to re-use as many features as possible from ASP.NET Webforms. In this article by Maarten Balliauw, we will see how we can mix ASP.NET Webforms and ASP.NET MVC in one application and how data is shared between both these technologies.

Not every ASP.NET MVC web application will be built from scratch. Several projects will probably end up migrating from classic ASP.NET to ASP.NET MVC. The question of how to combine both technologies in one application arises—is it possible to combine both ASP.NET Webforms and ASP.NET MVC in one web application? Luckily, the answer is yes.

Combining ASP.NET Webforms and ASP.NET MVC in one application is possible—in fact, it is quite easy. The reason for this is that the ASP.NET MVC framework has been built on top of ASP.NET. There's actually only one crucial difference: ASP.NET lives in System.Web, whereas ASP.NET MVC lives in System.Web, System.Web.Routing, System.Web.Abstractions, and System.Web.Mvc. This means that adding these assemblies as a reference in an existing ASP.NET application should give you a good start on combining the two technologies.

Another advantage of the fact that ASP.NET MVC is built on top of ASP.NET is that data can be easily shared between both of these technologies. For example, the Session state object is available in both the technologies, effectively enabling data to be shared via the Session state.

Plugging ASP.NET MVC into an existing ASP.NET application

An ASP.NET Webforms application can become ASP.NET MVC enabled by following some simple steps. First of all, add a reference to the following three assemblies to your existing ASP.NET application:

• System.Web.Routing
• System.Web.Abstractions
• System.Web.Mvc

After adding these assembly references, the ASP.NET MVC folder structure should be created. Because the ASP.NET MVC framework is based on some conventions (for example, controllers are located in Controllers), these conventions should be respected. Add the folder Controllers, Views, and Views | Shared to your existing ASP.NET application.

The next step in enabling ASP.NET MVC in an ASP.NET Webforms application is to update the web.config file, with the following code:

< ?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
  <system.web>
    <compilation debug="false">
      <assemblies>
        <add assembly="System.Core, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral,
                       PublicKeyToken=B77A5C561934E089"/>
        <add assembly="System.Web.Extensions,
                       Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral,
                       PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/>
        <add assembly="System.Web.Abstractions,
                       Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral,
                       PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/>
        <add assembly="System.Web.Routing,
                       Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral,
                       PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/>
      </assemblies>
    </compilation> 
    <pages>
      <namespaces>
        <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc"/>
        <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax"/>
        <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
        <add namespace="System.Web.Routing"/>
        <add namespace="System.Linq"/>
        <add namespace="System.Collections.Generic"/>
      </namespaces>
    </pages>
    <httpModules>
      <add name="UrlRoutingModule"
           type="System.Web.Routing.UrlRoutingModule,
                 System.Web.Routing, Version=3.5.0.0,
                 Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" />
    </httpModules>
  </system.web>
</configuration>

Note that your existing ASP.NET Webforms web.config should not be replaced by the above web.config! The configured sections should be inserted into an existing web.config file in order to enable ASP.NET MVC.

There's one thing left to do: configure routing. This can easily be done by adding the default ASP.NET MVC's global application class contents into an existing (or new) global application class, Global.asax.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace MixingBothWorldsExample
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.aspx/{*pathInfo}");
            routes.MapRoute(
               "Default",
// Route name
               "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
// URL with parameters
               new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "" }
// Parameter defaults
                );
        }
        protected void Application_Start()
        {
            RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
        }
    }
}

This code registers a default ASP.NET MVC route, which will map any URL of the form /Controller/Action/Idinto a controller instance and action method. There's one difference with an ASP.NET MVC application that needs to be noted—a catch-all route is defined in order to prevent a request for ASP.NET Webforms to be routed into ASP.NET MVC. This catch-all route looks like this:

routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.aspx/{*pathInfo}");

This is basically triggered on every request ending in .aspx. It tells the routing engine to ignore this request and leave it to ASP.NET Webforms to handle things.

With the ASP.NET MVC assemblies referenced, the folder structure created, and the necessary configurations in place, we can now start adding controllers and views. Add a new controller in the Controllers folder, for example, the following simpleHomeController:

using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace MixingBothWorldsExample.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            ViewData["Message"] = "This is ASP.NET MVC!";
            return View();
        }
    }
}

The above controller will simply render a view, and pass it a message through the ViewData dictionary. This view, located in Views | Home | Index.aspx, would look like this:

<%@ Page Language="C#"
    AutoEventWireup="true"
    CodeBehind="Index.aspx.cs"
    Inherits="MixingBothWorldsExample.Views.Home.Index" %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head id="Head1" runat="server">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <div>
        <h1><%=Html.Encode(ViewData["Message"]) %></h1>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

The above view renders a simple HTML page and renders the ViewData dictionary's message as the page title.

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Plugging ASP.NET into an existing ASP.NET MVC application

The road to enabling an existing ASP.NET MVC web application to serve ASP.NET Webforms contents is actually quite easy. Because the ASP.NET MVC framework is built on top of ASP.NET Webforms, any classic web form will automatically be available from an ASP.NET MVC web application. This means that any ASPX file will be rendered using ASP.NET Webforms, unless the route table contains a matching route for handling an ASP.NET MVC request.

To avoid strange results in a mixed application, consider adding a catch-all route to the route table for ASPX pages, which will ignore any requests to ASP.NET Webforms, and will route only ASP.NET MVC requests. This can be done in the global application class, Global.asax.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
namespace MixingBothWorldsExample
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
    
       public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
       {
           routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
           routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.aspx/{*pathInfo}");
           routes.MapRoute(
              "Default",
// Route name
              "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
// URL with parameters
              new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "" }
// Parameter defaults
             );
       }
       protected void Application_Start()
       {
           RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
       }
    }
}

The above code registers a default ASP.NET MVC route, which will map any URL in the form /Controller/Action/Id into a controller instance and action method. The catch-all route for ASP.NET Webforms looks like this:

routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.aspx/{*pathInfo}");

Sharing data between ASP.NET and ASP.NET MVC

Whether you are creating a new mixed ASP.NET Webforms-ASP.NET MVC application—or doing a migration, the chances are that you will need to share data between the two technologies. For example, a form can be posted by an ASP.NET Webforms page to an ASP.NET MVC action method.

Because the ASP.NET MVC framework is built on top of ASP.NET Webforms, the following objects are always available in both technologies:

• HttpContext
• Session
• Server
• Request
• Response
• Cookies

This way, it is easy to set a Session state item in classic ASP.NET Webforms and read it in ASP.NET MVC.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace MixingBothWorldsExample
{
    public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Session["SharedData"] = "This message is set by classic
                                     ASP.NET.";
        }
    }
}

The above code is a "codebehind" for a classic ASP.NET page. As you can see, it sets the SharedData dictionary item of Session to a string value. This data can easily be read easily in an ASP.NET MVC controller, for example:

using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace MixingBothWorldsExample.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            ViewData["Message"] = "This is ASP.NET MVC!";
            ViewData["SharedData"] = Session["SharedData"] ?? "";
            return View();
        }
    }
}

The Index action method tries to read data from the SharedData dictionary item of Session. If it has been set by ASP.NET Webforms or ASP.NET MVC, it is assigned to the ViewData dictionary. In other cases, an empty string is passed in.

Building views at compile time

By default, the views in ASP.NET MVC applications are built the first time that a request comes in. This means that if there is a compilation error in a view, it will only be visible the first time that a user requests for that view to be rendered. To overcome this issue, views can be compiled whenever the ASP.NET MVC application is compiled.

To build views at compile time, the following steps should be executed:

1. Open the project file in a text editor. For example, start Notepad and open the project file for your ASP.NET MVC application (that is, MyMvcApplication.csproj).
2. Find the top-most <PropertyGroup> element and add a new element named <MvcBuildViews>:

   <MvcBuildViews>:
   
   <PropertyGroup>
       ...
       <MvcBuildViews>true</MvcBuildViews>
   
   </PropertyGroup>
   

3. Scroll down to the end of the file and uncomment the <Target Name="AfterBuild"> element. Update its contents to match the following:

   <Target Name="AfterBuild" 
           Condition="'$(MvcBuildViews)'=='true'">
      
      <AspNetCompiler VirtualPath="temp"
                      PhysicalPath="$(ProjectDir)..$(ProjectName)"/>
   
   </Target>
   

4. Save the file and reload the project in Visual Studio.

Enabling view compilation may add some extra time to the build process. It is recommended that this is not enabled during development as a lot of compilation is typically involved during the development process.

Summary

In this article, we mixed ASP.NET Webforms and ASP.NET MVC in one application and shared data between both these technologies. We also added a post-build action to a project file to make sure that all views can be compiled.

If you have read this article you may be interested to view :

• Your First ASP.NET MVC Application
• Customizing and Extending the ASP.NET MVC Framework

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About the Author

Maarten Balliauw has a Bachelor's Degree in Software Engineering and has about eight years of experience in software development. He started his career during his studies where he founded a company that did web development in PHP and ASP.NET. After graduation, he sold his shares and joined one of the largest ICT companies in Belgium, RealDolmen, where he continued web application development in ASP.NET and application life cycle management in Visual Studio Team System. He is a Microsoft Certifi ed Technology Specialist in ASP.NET and works with the latest Microsoft technologies such as LINQ and ASP.NET 3.5. He has published many articles in both .NET and PHP literature, such as MSDN magazine Belgium, and PHP Architect. Ever since the fi rst announcement of the ASP.NET MVC framework, he has been following all its developments and features. He can be contacted on his blog-http://blog.maartenballiauw.be or by email at maarten@maartenballiauw.be.